Essay --

Prison Term polity Recommendation-ProposalJohn BrownCJA/314February 9, 2014Instructor Dave Hart Prison Term Policy Recommendation-ProposalThe adherents of the state legislature realize employed me, a criminologist consultant to work for the state fulfilling a new bill on doubling up maximal prison experimental condition for everybody found guilty of armed burglary. As a criminologist consultant, I have been selected to offer the state legislature with a penitentiary barrier strategy on armed burglary. Soon, the state legislature get out be polling on the new bill. The new bill is to decide if the new penitentiary term policy ought to affect everybody acquitted of an armed burglary crime to be given a double level best prison term. As a criminologist consultant, I depart study and give right feedback if I have confidence that the new bill in place will do any good. The bill for the maximum penitentiary prison term is common amongst the individuals on the state legislature bo ard. Though, the bill is common amongst the board members, the manager employs you to study the circumstances for the reason that he wonders if the new bill will be to the benefit of rehabilitation to the violator and to civilization. Included will be a reference and the motives as to why the good words were chosen. Contained within in my paper, I will define the following word, penitentiary term policy, burglary, and armed burglary so clearing up can be achieved. The penitentiary term policy will decide if a policy would continue to be the selfsame(prenominal) or if alterations ought to be applied in around kind of way. The course of action will have one to two recommendations, along with declaring why the prior obsolete strategy wasnt keeping individuals from committing the same wrongdoing ag... ...ined much more severely than the times beforehand. According to the criminologist, the penalty which a violator committed ought to be bigger than the wrongdoing which was committed . The following recommendation for the penitentiary term policy for an individual who has committed armed burglary is as follow Every individual is a recurrence violator of an armed burglary will do a full prison term of 10 to 20 years. Along, with the 10 to 20 years, an additional 10 to 15 years of probation will be added. The violator will be accountable for paying a re-establishment fee, doubling up the harshness of the harm done plus the violator will have to take a monthly drug test to ensure they are clean.Referenceshttp//criminal.laws.com/robbery/armed-robbery/armed-robbery-sentencing-and-punishmenthttp//www.wklaw.com/areas-robbery-sentencing-punishment.html

Exploring Teacher Pay Incentives Essay examples -- education reform, t

This study analyzes four obligates study findings as well as authors conclusion on the teachers incentive pay issue ground on the studies presented by the authors. Those articles include Steele, Murname and Willnett (2009) that seek to analyze the effect of incentives on teachers retention. In the article, a natural experiment done in California surrounded by the year 2000 and 2003 involving an incentive of $20,000 that was called the Governors Teaching Fellowship (GTF) analyzes the incentives effect on talented teachers attraction and retention in low-performing schools. In addition, Fryer (2011) is the some other article presenting an analysis of teachers incentives effect on students success in terms of attendance, academic exercise or graduation. The article utilizes a school-based random trial involving more than 200 public schools in New York.Further, the analysis reviews an article by Figlio and Kenny (2006) which is a documentation of students performances relationship w ith teachers performance incentives. The study utilizes United States data combining the authors survey that was conducted in 2000 with National Education Longitudinal Survey on students and schools in regard to teachers pay incentives. Finally, Nael (2011) is an article on an analysis of education incentive schemes through a review of empirical studies that evaluates educators performance pay programs. Thus, the article will provide a adapted review on designs of students achievements measures and teachers performance metrics. Article 1 Relationship between teacher pay incentives and students performanceFiglio & Kenny (2006) presents the basic systematic documentation of the relationship that exists between students performance and the ... ...g jobs at the existing pay. In addition, incentives would retain the teachers as they would not be motivated to look for utility(a) jobs. (Barron & Lynch, 1987)Works citedBarron, J. & Lynch, G. Economics. London Richard D. Irwin Inc, 1987. Print.Figlio, N. D. & Kenny, L. Individual Teachers Incentive Programs and Students Performance. NBER Working Paper 12627, October 2006. Print.Fryer, G.R. Teachers Incentives and Students Achievement Evidence from New York urban centers Public Schools. NBER Working Paper 16850, March 2011. Print.Neal, D. The Design of Performance Pay In Education. NBER Working Paper 16710, January 2011. Print.Steele, J., Murname, R. & Willnett, J. Do Financial Incentives suffice Low Performing Schools in Attracting and Keeping Talented Teachers? Evidence from California. NBER Working paper 14780, March 2009. Print.

The Reader :: Literature Literary Text Papers

The Reader In the academic study of literature very little attention has been paid to the ordinary reader, the subjective individual who reads a special(prenominal) text. David S. Miall and Don Kuiken, in their paper The form of reading Empirical studies of literariness state, Almost no professional attention is being paid to the ordinary reader, who continues to read for the delight of understanding the world of the text rather than for the development of a deconstructive or historicist perspective. The concerns that an ordinary reader seems likely to have about a literary text, such as its style, its narrative structure, or the readers relation to the author, the impact on the readers understanding or feelings - such concerns now seem of little interest.In this paper I should like to study a few kinds of reader and the subjectivity of their responses to the objectivity found within literary texts, quoting some views found within reader-response criticism.Before I begin, I should like to consider what is meant by the term literary text, and what is meant by the objectivity of it. According to Terry Eagleton, 1 the definition of literary, as advanced by the Russian formalists, (who include in their ranks are Viktor Shklovsky, Roman Jakobson, Osip Brik, Yury Tynyanov, Boris Eichenbaum and Boris Tomashevsky), is the peculiar use of wording. Literature is said to transform and intensify ordinary language, deviating from the everyday colloquial tongue. The literariness of the language spoken could be determined by the texture, rhythm and resonance of the words used. There is a kind of disproportion between the signifier and the signified, by virtue of the abstract excesses of the language, a language that flaunts itself and evokes rich imagery. Eagleton argues that what distinguishes the literary language from other forms of discourse is the way it deforms ordinary languages in various ways.Under the pressure of literary devices, ordinary language is intensifie d, condensed, twisted, telescoped, move out and turned on its head. 1According to Wolfgang Iser, 2 a literary work has two poles the aesthetic and the artistic. The artistic pole is the authors text, and the aesthetic is the realisation accomplished by the reader. Hence the literary work cannot be considered as the actualisation of, or identical to, the text, but is situated somewhere between the two. Iser speaks of the text as a virtual character that cannot be reduced to the reality of text or to the subjectivity of the reader, and it derives its dynamism from that virtuality.

The Dialogue of Teenage Boys Essay -- Dialogue Conversation Essays

The Dialogue of Teenage BoysBeep Beep BeepThat damned alarm, the most scorned of Joes possessions, began its insistent whining at precisely 715 AM on July 5th. A fist groggily snaked out from underneath the Charlies Angels blanket and sum the top of the clock. It stopped whining. After some very peculiar movements, the mound of blankets gave birth to a bleary-eyed seventeen-year-old boy. The inhuman apparition staggered towards the bathroom. It paused when it came upon the mirror, seemingly startled by the ghastly visage reflected in the honest glass. Joe groaned, swore, spat and returned to the place affectionately called The Pit by the rest of the family.He visited the bathroom an hour later, reemerging looking advantageously more human than the thing previously spotted. He was wearing a smart, but casual, luminous green shirt and bright blue jeans. He looked identical something from the nightmares of the Jolly Green Giant. Citrus colored and smelling resembling soap, Joe amble d slowly downstairs for his breakfast.Joe met up with his best friend Ross at around twelve, just external McDonalds. As was the custom by this time, both argued over whose turn it was to pay for the food, resolved, as ever by the tossing of a coin. As they munched on their soggy openhanded Mac burgers, their conversation steered towards the party that night.You goin then?Aye, widnae miss it fur onythin in the world. Anyhow, Martines gonnae be there, mebbes Ill hae a chance wi her this time.Aye, Ross, and my bums jist swallied China.Ah thought ye were lookin a bit heavier that usual, but ah wis also polite tae mention it. At this, the two friends collapsed in fits of laughter, not even stopping when Ross began to choke on h... ...Joe looked apologetically at Sam. She nodded, a resigned smile upon her lips.Yeah, I know. Youve got to help your friend. Its OK. I understand. Ill see you later. Give me a call sometime. With that, Joe took the dumbstruck Ross by the arm and gently led him out of the door.As they walked home, the two friends reflected upon the nights events.Ye should have seen your face, Ross Ye were like a wean caught stealin a sweetieYeah, answered Ross, sadly, But it wis a goin so well up tae then.Talk tae her the morra, explain whit happened. If shes worth it, then shell gie ye another chance.Aye, disrupt Ross, a cheeky grin on his face, And if she isnae, at least I got tae feel her ar-The two friends laughed their way down the darkened, but familiar, old streets. It looked like the holidays were spill to be a lot of fun.

A Study of Cotton Trade and Trade in Africa Essay -- Essays Papers

A Study of like plant Trade and Trade in AfricaHistory of cotton plantThe word cotton wool is derived from the Arabic word qutun or kutun which is used to describe any textile that is very fine. cotton fiber is one of the oldest known types in the world, which has been found by archeologists during the course of excavating ancient civilizations. Traces of cotton fiber were found to exist over 5000 years ago, when archeologists were excavating a cite in Mohenjo Daro, which lies in the Indus Valley in West Pakistan. Alexander the great and his army brought cotton goods and material to Europe around 300BC. However, the price of these cotton goods was so expensive that only the rich could afford it. The southern states of America started growing cotton in the early 17th century and also making cotton goods and materials out of it. The acquisition of colonies around the world by Great Britain, led to tremendous ripening of the cotton industry because most of Britains colonies were suitable for cotton growth. In the early 19th century the southern American states became the biggest single supplier of cotton to the now thriving English textile mills. In the early 1900s, United States was the producing more then 50% of the total world cotton. Growing conditions for cottonCotton plants have a growth cycle of about 6 months from the time they germinate to the time they are picked. Cotton seeds are usually planted in spring or as soon as the soil temperature is warm enough to ensure satisfactory seed germination and crop establishment cotton plants grow well in areas that hot summers/dry spells with low humidity and long hours of sunshine. The plant usually requires about 150 days free from frost. Cotton plants also require higher ... ...cts/english.htmlMali Economy http//www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ml.htmlEconOrganization of African Union (O.A.U) and African Union (A.U)http//www.oau-creation.com/Part%20One.htmEconomic Community of West African St ates (ECOWAS)http//www.ecowas.int/The Objectives of the African Unionhttp//www.africa-union.org/home/Welcome.htmThe vision of the African Union http//www.africa-union.org/home/Welcome.htmCotton factshttp//www.icac.org/icac/cotton_info/publications/cotton_facts/english.htmlWorld Trade Organization (W.T.O)http//www.oecd.org/dataoecd/19/26/34353004.pdfCotton Plantshttp//www.britannica.com/ebi/article?tocId=199250Cotton Industryhttp//www.cottonaustralia.com.au/LI_whatiscotton.htmlBrazil Triumphs Over U.S. in WTO Subsidies Dispute http//www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0304-01.htm

A Study of Cotton Trade and Trade in Africa Essay -- Essays Papers

A Study of Cotton disdain and Trade in Africaaccount of CottonThe word cotton is derived from the Arabic word qutun or kutun which is used to describe any textile that is very fine. Cotton is one of the oldest known fibers in the world, which has been found by archeologists during the course of excavating ancient civilizations. Traces of cotton fiber were found to exist over 5000 years ago, when archeologists were excavating a cite in Mohenjo Daro, which lies in the Indus valley in West Pakistan. Alexander the great and his army brought cotton goods and material to Europe rough 300BC. However, the price of these cotton goods was so expensive that only the profuse could afford it. The southern states of America started growing cotton in the early 17th century and also making cotton goods and materials out of it. The acquisition of colonies around the world by Great Britain, led to tremendous development of the cotton industry because most of Britains colonies were suitable for co tton growth. In the early nineteenth century the southern American states became the biggest single supplier of cotton to the now thriving English textile mills. In the early 1900s, United States was the producing more because 50% of the total world cotton. Growing conditions for cottonCotton lay outs have a growth cycle of about 6 months from the m they germinate to the time they are picked. Cotton seeds are usually planted in spring or as soon as the soil temperature is warm enough to meet satisfactory seed germination and crop establishment cotton plants grow well in areas that hot summers/dry spells with low humidity and long hours of sunshine. The plant usually requires about 150 days free from frost. Cotton plants also require higher ... ...cts/english.htmlMali Economy http//www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ml.htmlEconOrganization of African meat (O.A.U) and African Union (A.U)http//www.oau-creation.com/Part%20One.htmEconomic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS)http//www.ecowas.int/The Objectives of the African Unionhttp//www.africa-union.org/home/Welcome.htmThe vision of the African Union http//www.africa-union.org/home/Welcome.htmCotton factshttp//www.icac.org/icac/cotton_info/publications/cotton_facts/english.htmlWorld Trade Organization (W.T.O)http//www.oecd.org/dataoecd/19/26/34353004.pdfCotton Plantshttp//www.britannica.com/ebi/article?tocId=199250Cotton Industryhttp//www.cottonaustralia.com.au/LI_whatiscotton.htmlBrazil Triumphs Over U.S. in WTO Subsidies Dispute http//www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0304-01.htm

Role of Managers in Company Management

STUDY GUIDE FOR THE counselling Role of Managers in Comp some(prenominal)(prenominal) Management for BMCF TM study course M_RMCM Role of Managers in Company Management Kargonl Havlicek Ing. K bel Havlicek, PhD. , MBA Management Role of Managers in Company Management K arl Havlicek, 2011 Management Role of Managers in Company Management Contents 1. Role of instruction in hypercompetitive environs 1. 1 Owners and managerial scheme 1. 2 Managerial strategies and managerial formulatening 1. 3 Involved persons Stakeholders 1. 4 anchor destinations 1. 5 sieve questions 1. 6 Recommended literature 2.Role of commission at heart selling way 2. 1 merchandising management 2. 2 selling insurance policy 2. 3 Marketing researches 2. 4 Marketing devisening 2. 5 Key terms 2. 6 Test questions 2. 7 Recommended literature 3. Role of management indoors gross gross revenue management 3. 1 gross revenue management 3. 2 gross sales purposening 3. 3 Management of forecasts 3. 4 Trade receiv qualifieds management 3. 5. Customers parley management 3. 6 Key terms 3. 7 Test questions 3. 8 Recommended literature 4. Role of management within pecuniary management 1. Financial management 2. Financial planning 3. Controlling 4.Management of transaction with banks 5. be 4. 6 Key terms 4. 7 Test questions 4. 8 Recommended literature 5. Role of management within woodland and innovation management 5. 1 gauge management 5. 2 QMS models 5. 3 TQM models 5. 4. Balanced Score Card 5. 5 Innovation management 5. 6 Key terms 5. 7 Test questions 5. 8 Recommended literature 6. Role of management within team building 6. 1 Managerial team building 6. 2 Recruitment of managers 6. 3 Implementation of managers in teams 6. 4 motivating and education 6. 5 Establishment of system of rulesal designs 6. 6 Key terms 6. 7 Test questions . 8 Recommended literature 1. Role of management in hypercompetitive environs 1. 1 Owners and managerial schema 1. 2 Managerial schema and pl anning 1. 3 Stakeholders 1. 4 Key terms 1. 5 Test questions 1. 6 Recommended literature 1. 1 Owners and managerial strategy The term strategy has been frequently utilize in mingled mise en scenes, which oftentimes allows to many misunderstandings and confusions. It originates from Greek we kindle translate it as the art of a leader, everyday. within profession terminology it utilize to mean the ability to make decisions on the theme of high expertise and professionalism.However, there is an other(prenominal) term with the same root used in English stratagem. The term is gener solelyy translated as an act per conformityed by caller-out management within its top managerial activities. By the term strategy we mean certain scheme ( move) that outlines how to achieve the peg down objectives under given conditions. It is a summary of steps and activities to be adopted universe aw atomic number 18 of partial lack of sleep togetherledge of all the future circumstance, cond itions and connections, where non e precise potential choice is identified, and soul advantages and disadvantages burn downt be determined for the purpose of future decision making.The objective is to establish adequate coordination of all the caller-outs activities, and create unified complex of its perspectives. The strategy in keen or medium enterprise should be defined in a short or mid-term horizon, not for more than 5 years ahead. much(prenominal)(prenominal) horizon should be sufficient for medium coatd enterprises. An enterprise of this size of it should anticipate a flexible inter interchange required by general trends. tractability is star of the major competitive advantages of small and medium enterprises comp ared to multinationals and cock-a-hoop corporations. Thus it is not inevitable to set up long term strategies, as their ceaseless changes are likely.The maturity of mid- and long term investment loans sess be used for orientation with regards to the period of compiled strategy. In normal practice we discern owners and managerial strategic grammatical constructions. Owners strategy is basically outlined by owners (shareholders, partners), and has a global character. The owners determine what is their mid- and long term objective. These can be for object lesson fiscal requirements (ROE, EVA, profit, dividend, visible(prenominal) CF and so ontera ), trade and gross sales aspects ( merchandise position and share, turnover etc. ), strategic objectives ( food foodstuff value of the alliance, synergic effects etc. . Managerial strategy is based on the owners strategy, developing concrete strategic plans in order to achieve the owners objectives. This strategy is alert by the company management at the level of sales, merchandise, monetary, motion, human re acknowledgments or other film directors. strategic objectives and strategies are identified on the basis of analyses, frequently in cooperation in the midst of t he top management and owners. As mentioned before, the company management is responsible for(p) for acquisition of strategic objectives, represented by the executive or general director.Controlling body can be an advisory or supervisory board of the company, or board of directors, provided the board is not the management at the same time. This always depends on finicky model and organisational design ( coordinate) of the company. 1. 2 Managerial strategies and managerial planning The undermentioned steps are usually understood under the term company strategy a) Description of current status by pulverisation digest. b) Determination of target status in a mid-term horizon. c) Outline of strategic objectives. d) Strategy of achievement of these objectives. ) Establishment of control mechanisms of the achievement. Strategies and strategic objectives are above all the activities and departments of the company. They are the starting point of plans and c erstwhilepts of individual de partments, divisions etc. The objectives of financial, sales, trade, human resources and production engender to be based on global strategy, when formulating partial plans and goals, and the short term objectives of these departments have to be modified in accordance with overall strategic objectives, which is an essential precondition of their achievement.This process is illustrated in the infix 1-1. Figure 1-1 Illustration of the company strategy and its links to the plans of individual departments individual(a) strategic issues are not definitive, heir implementation in the company depends on its orientation, size, organizational design etc. It is obvious there pass on be no production strategy implemented in a trading company etc. some other(prenominal) strategies and sequential plans we whitethorn fill out across are innovation, quality, logistic and others. It is possible to combine certain strategies as thoroughly.Typical example for the small and medium enterprises is the amalgamation of market and sales strategy into one sales and merchandising plan. human resources plan in SMEs is sometimes substituted with a simpler pauperism plan. Marketing strategy Marketing strategy is the basis for articulation of all the companys objectives. We may cl trail a achieverfully implemented sales and selling strategy is decisive for the enterprises efficiency. Basis is the selling unite, from which we derive the following trade strategies -product (product mix, life cycles, brand strategies) -price (costing, pricing strategies) distri thoion (distribution channels mix, approach to the management of distribution conflicts) - chat (strategy of setting up internal and external communication mixes) The strategy consists of analytical and implementation parts. The analytical part describes current status, or history in all the strategic issues defined above, and together with the selling research they are the basis for identification of strength and w eaknesses, opportunities and threats so-called get up abridgment. The principles of market management of the company are defined in the market strategy and its implementation part.Fundamental is the selling plan, as it embroils marketing objectives, strategy of achievement and control mechanisms. Sales strategy The sales strategy is built on the marketing plan, and SWOT analysis. History of sales is described in the analytical part in the following breakdown product groups or individual products client segments, or individual customers extraneous or local territories The implementation part describes principles of sales management, and with regards to the above mentioned breakdown it includes the sales objectives to be developed promote into detailed sales plans.Financial strategy It is created in the context of sales plan, with regards to the marketing research, SWOT analysis, and marketing and sales objectives. The analytical part includes history and updated summary f financial go aways and indicators in the structure relevant to the size and orientation of the company, and financial requirements of the owners. The implementation part consists of an overview of the required financial objectives in the horizon of several years. The achievement of objectives is defined in the financial management policy, which is the basis for breeding of financial plans and budgets.The financial plan consists of balance sheet, profit and loss account, and cashflow statement. Annual budget is the basis of companys operating management. The financial strategy is a result of marketing and sales strategy. The marketing and sales plan has to come before the financial plan. This delegacy the marketing and sales instruction to who, for what price, where, in what form and with what marketing cost has to run the budget. Sometimes wrongly used reverse process tends to unrealistic forecasts, and may cause existential problems to the enterprise. Financial director is responsible for the financial strategy.In order to be able to prepare it credibly, the director needs timely and correct schooling from the marketing and sales department, at minimum in the form of sales plan. performance strategy Similarly to the previous nerves the production strategy includes analytical and implementation parts. The analytical part describes history of production, to wit with regards to capacities, technologies, processes and individual sections, productiveness and relation to the fulfillment of sales results. The implementation part describes how many products, in what quality ad structure, time and efficiency will be produced in the strategys horizon.The production strategy defines overall management of the production, sometimes also the management of procurance and technologies. Its results are local production plans basis for dispatch plans (can be include logistic or warehousing plans). The production strategy in smaller companies is usually complemen ted with procurement policy and investment strategy related to to young technologies. The marketing and sales, and financial plans have to come before the production plan. The director of production is responsible for the production plan and strategy.This procedure has to be emphasized at a time again In many enterprises so-called manufacturing approach survives The production has produced and now its up to you the salesman to sell it Production directors and managers as the driving forces in companies are a mistake. It is not possible for the production departments to decide on the product hightail it, price and quality. It is the customer who decides, and his decision is mediated in the company through marketing and sales department. As an example we can take the transformation of so-called Eastern bloc.High demand in former East-European countries in early nineties that often exceeded the supply of both traders and manufacturers, was a unique phenomenon, result of the tran sition towards market milieu. Such situation is really unlikely in future. Logical consequence of company management was tremendous wring of production and financial departments on sales priority was HOW to produce and HOW to secure funds, WHERE to come out of the closetment the product or service was a secondary concern. The sales (actual sales, not the trading) were often simpler than the very manufacturing concept.Incoming multinationals and consequent growth of competition in general, stricter legislation, more cautious banks, higher pressure on quality and saturation of the market these are the basic attributes that change the view of still frequent process manufacture finance sales marketing. The supply today exceeds the demand in most cases. overrun and surplus products come as a result. The enterprise capable of assessing market growing and placing its products in variants, products that are sold, is more competitive and successful.The priority now is WHERE to plac e the product, WHAT price is the customer and the consumer willing to accept, WHAT quality is expected by the customer and the consumer, WHAT distribution channel is optimal for customers, WHAT marrow of communication will be used to offer the product, and only then HOW and FOR HOW MUCH to produce the required product (to ensure profit at the end of the day). The Figure 1-2 illustrates trends of supply demand relations in eastern Europe. It promoter in most cases it is the customer who decides on quality, design, parameters, price and placing of the product, not the manufacturer.The manufacturing approach is thusly replaced with customer-oriented, sales/marketing approach. there is step-by-step transfer from production-oriented marketing towards the modern marketing philosophy of customer relationship management. This process was typical for the whole period of nineteen nineties, and referable to the dynamic development of market environment, relations and competition it was very intensive. Figure 1-2 The trends of supply demand relations in Eastern Europe in 90s Human resources strategy Human resources strategy has an analytical-historic part, and implementation part, too.It consists of human resources policy, followed by the plan of human resources management, so-called human resources plan. The plan describes in detail recruitment system, inclusion of employees in teams, humankind of organizational designs, training and motivation of the faculty. Personnel (in larger companies human resources) director is responsible for its preparation. In smaller companies, where there is no post of personnel director created, the human resources strategy falls within the executive directors responsibility.In some medium marketing-oriented companies the bearer of personnel policy can be the marketing and sales director, who includes in his marketing plan the area of so-called internal marketing. Internal marketing in this case is a philosophy that treats the emp loyees as customers the main point being communication with the staff. They are informed of what is going on, why it is going on and what is required from them in order to ensure efficiency. In smaller companies the human resources plan is often substituted with motivation plan. The importance and sequence of managerial strategiesThere is a change of priorities and sequences of managerial going on presently. The effects of overproduction and surplus products lead to the need of considering the market selective information first where to sell the product, under what conditions and quality. This means the marketing and sales plan is a cornerstone of further strategic planning, i. e. human resources, financial, production, quality, logistics, innovations, procurement etc. It is outstanding to understand the planning in relation with the yearly budget, as illustrated in the Figure 1-3 Figure 1-3 Strategic planning in small and medium enterprises related to annual budget . 3 Stakeho lders One of the definitions of modern relations marketing talks about the tool of marketing philosophy of being and distribution of values for targeted and identified markets customers. Therefore correct identification of the customer, understanding the desires, values expected from us (the enterprise), for which he is willing to pay, are the basis of any marketing approach, and the starting point for the treatment of any marketing case. Basically we recognize two types of users of our products customers who buy or pay for the products and services we provide, but they do not inescapably use them (e. . purchase of gift for somebody, pet food, toys for children), consumers who use the products ad services, but they do not necessarily buy them (husband uses aftershave from his wife, children play with toys from their parents). Another possible interpretation of the term customer is provided by P. Kotler and G. Armstrong (Marketing. Grada Publishing, Praha 2004), give-up the gho sting with the following division organization whose purchasing look includes level-headeds and services for the manufacture of another products to be sold, rented or provided further. These are also wholesale and retail companies.They operate in so-called industrial markets, consumers (individuals and households) that buy goods and services for their own needs, the transactions take place in so-called consumer markets. Thus either enterprise has several different groups of customers and consumers, each of which expects different values from the relationship. We may even develop this idea further, and include another parties that neither buy nor directly use the services, still influencing the enterprises port. Those interested in particular company, because they can influence or be influenced by its activities (production, sponsoring, communication etc. are called involved persons, or stakeholders. In the relation marketing theory you may come across one statement survival o f an organization depends on its sourceful management, and wide range of involved persons. The satisfaction of the may and often conflicting interests of involved persons is a task for every manager within an organization. Involved persons stakeholders, and their expectations are identified in the model shown in the Table 1-1 As seen in the table, the involved persons include several groups not to be called customers in our smell out however, on the other hand we would call the customers stakeholders.The term stakeholders is thus considerably wider than the term customers. The success and managerial skill does not mean level best satisfaction of just a part of the stakeholders, but adequate satisfaction of everybody, if possible. The word adequate is used on purpose, as it is almost impossible for the effort of often conflicting interests to satisfy everybody to utmost extent. Involved persons Expectations Employees Financial remuneration, satisfaction from work, sureness S hareholders Growing capital, dividends Suppliers Regular and paid deliveries Customers, consumers Quality, value Government Employment, legislative environment, defrayal of taxes Managers Prestige, acknowledgment, career opportunities Minorities Employment without discrimination, equal approach to values Creditors Payments in time, safety of investments Municipality Employment, taxes Table 1-1 Involved persons and their expectations 1. 4 Key terms Owners strategy Managerial strategy Marketing strategy Sales strategy Human resources strategy Production strategy Sales plan Marketing plan Financial plan Production plan Human resources plan Industrial market Consumer market Stakeholders Shareholders Customers Consumers SME / Small and medium enterprise 1. 5 Test questions 1. What objectives definitely belong to the owners strategy? ) achievement of the defined turnover b) achievement of higher market share c) achievement of the objectives defined in quality policy d) achievemen t of the defined ROE 2. What has to precede the financial plan unconditionally? a) quality management plan b) marketing research c) human resources management plan d) logistic management plan 3. Who pursues the market requirements within an organization? a) production director b) sales and marketing director c) financial director d) technical director 4. B2B means to trade in a) industrial markets b) commercial consumer markets c) the area of employees purchases d) the field of state contracts 1. 6 Recommended literatureHavlicek, K Management, Role of Managers in Company Management, chapter 1 Hellriegel, D. Jackson, E. S. Slocum,J. W. (2005) Management , A Comepetency-Based Approach. Thomson South-Western, Mason, chapters 1, 5, 6, 7. 2. Role of management within marketing management 2. 1 Marketing management 2. 2 Marketing policy 2. 3 Marketing researches 2. 4 Marketing planning 2. 5 Key terms 2. 6 Test questions 2. 7 Recommended literature 2. 1 Marketing management Marketing ma nagement is an essential business activity, without which no company can do, even more so if it has an ambition to export its own products, and to conquer new territories.Marketing management in CRM mode is defined as continuous process of analysis, planning, implementation and control of all the companys activities. (Source Kotler, P. , Armstrong, G. Marketing. Grada Publishing, Praha 2004). The goal of marketing management in a company is to satisfy business objectives of the entity or entrepreneur by congenial the customers requirements. K. Havlicek and M. Kasik in their return Marketing management in small and medium enterprises (Management Press, Praha, 2005 ) created practical model of marketing management (Figure 2-1) when applying the philosophy of managed relations with customers 2. 2. Marketing policy Each enterprise should have its marketing policy defined by the marketing director.This is a simple archive that describes basic philosophy of the department, including p roduct portfolio, customer segments, proposal of corresponding distribution, communication, and human resources. It should be linked to the overall strategy. The purpose of marketing policy is to provide simplified map of the main line of work of the department, what are the current customer segments, what marketing and sales activities are being prepared in the horizon of one year, who implements the current activities, how is the evaluation organized. The policy is prepared once a year, it should be in the form of a document given to every employee of the marketing and sales department, and to the company director. Marketing policy document usually includes Organizational design of the marketing and sales department.Simple graphic chart of the organizational design is overflowing, where marketing director is on the top (in smaller companies marketing and sales director), followed by other team members, managers, sales representatives for domestic or foreign markets (so-called fro nt office), sales assistants, background personnel (so-called back office), etc. Everything depends on the orientation, size, and organizational design of the enterprise. It is valuable to highlight the relations amid possible subdivisions and hierarchy, i. e. who report to whom, who is responsible for whom. It is quite easy in smaller enterprise, but tens of staff members in the marketing and sales department are not an exception, of which some are field sales people, others work in branch offices or abroad. In such a case the organizational design is very important from both control and transparency point of view.Main product groups and territorial division of the customers This means the overall product and territorial division, and major customer segments. The product division does not have to be detailed (individual products), but it should correspond to the group structure according to sales plan, maximum ten basic product groups (depending on the scope and orientation of t he products). Territorial design means the division to individual countries, or regions. Customer segments should also be divided to maximum ten categories. It should be clear who is the customer, and what product mix will we offer. It is important to include concrete in the flesh(predicate) responsibility for all the above mentioned categories in the marketing and trade policy document.Human resources status and activities Complete list of all the departments employees, their job assignments, classification within the organizational design of the team or despatchs of marketing and sales character, or projects of another departments and sections. It is useful to include e-mail addresses, mobile and fixed phones in the list. The fact that such document can be a major communication tool for some staff of the marketing and sales department should be taken into account. Motivation system The motivation system represents team motivation, system of evaluation aimed at departments, group s, or projects, concrete motivation instruments leading to the best performance of the staff, and consequently to prosperity. In other words the system of remuneration should be clear from this document, i. e. nder what conditions, when and for what, in what way and by whom the remuneration will be approved and provided. Summary of individual evaluations, or even individual incomes should definitely not make part of this public document. Communication within the department When and where regular meetings take place, in what intervals, who takes part, what source materials are required, where the minutes are archived etc. The dates of brainstorming meetings, workshops, project sessions, innovation committees etc. can be provided as well. Marketing department directives In case there are directives of any kind used in the department, they should be included to the marketing policy as well.These can be for example directives related to quality policy, or internal directives of the dep artment, such as a directive on the management and administration of trade receivables. 2. 3 Marketing researches For both large companies and small and medium enterprises the continuous market research is a cornerstone of their activities. It should not relate only to a particular goal or present(prenominal) plan its ongoing implementation and monitoring are advisable. Product life cycle gets naturally shorter in the era of growing competition. Endless flow of information on new trends, competition, groups of customers and suppliers are key of further company development.The objective of marketing research is systematic planning, assembling, analysis and evaluation of the information needed for an effective solution of marketing problems. This applies to all types of organizations in general. In small and medium enterprises the research is adequate to their possibilities, but even here it is required to understand that buy the farm research is a basis for other activities. This implies the necessity of system approach, i. e. to apply the research of external environment aimed at the following aspects (so-called STEEP analysis) sociological, technological, economic, environmental, political. This research is crucial, namely in the case of more remote territories, market environment of which is not well known.When researching the internal competitive environment it is convenient to use factor environment analysis (so-called Porters model of competitive environment) number and strength of competitors, customers, suppliers, substitute products, potential competition. It depends on the purpose, type of business, size of the competitive environment, market share, power of the organization etc. The research includes collection, processing and analysis of the information, and a report has to be prepared, and maybe its results presented. To cover the information needs plan of the research can require collection of secondary data, primary data or both. T he secondary data includes information that has been already collected for a different purpose. On the contrary the primary data is collected for a specific purpose.In the first case the enterprise makes use of its databases, and open external sources (public electronic databases, associations, chambers, media etc. ). In the second case familiar accounting and economic data from the database of deals and customers will be the source, including minutes from meetings. However, it is good to realize that the market research does not mean just some spreadsheet and statistic methods, tens of pages of diverse papers, and expensive agencies providing professional surveys. The very research can be simplified in the small and medium enterprises under the slogan Collect and use the information from the market and its surroundings, and it is up to the managers abilities to get the information on continuous basis.It means to keep communicating with the customer, to listen, to ask for feedback . It should be a precondition for the managers conducting marketing research to improve their education in this field further, to travel and learn new methods, to extend their general overview. To clinch a good deal is often not a matter of high expertise, but of general overview of politics, culture, sports, history, religion etc. Marketing department personnel should be able to absorb various kinds of information, and use and implement it further. General overview and fast work with information, as well as the ability to recognize their importance, are key criteria of recruitment of people for marketing and sales posts.Apart from the marketing research being performed on continuous basis, and the important data being archived, we obviously organize targeted research, depending on the upcoming events, which can be in the small and medium enterprises for example business or investment goal, opening foreign market, launching new product groups in the market, establishing communic ation with a new customer segment, expansion of resent production increase of production capacity. It is also recommendable to update the marketing research on regular basis, when preparing annual sales and marketing plan. As a comprehensive document it should include an opening page and provide reasons why it has been conducted, information on the date and person, or click to cooperating agency. Sales and marketing directors should be in charge of all the researches, not just relying on heir subordinates to do the work.The activities relate to significant, often sensitive data, which may be possibly carried away to a new employment. Successors usually start working on these data, which often represents the only document that provides characteristics of the product, customer segment and particular customers. At the level of small and medium enterprises it is useful when such research is performed by individual experts supervised by their manager, or directly by the marketing and sales director. This means the sales people who will be directly responsible for the researched segment or territory. Sales and marketing departments in SMEs usually do not dispose of a team of market research specialists, which is rather advantage.The research can be very well evaluated by the commercial success or failure of the responsible sales person, in comparably short time. However, this required good skills of the sales people. Apart from usual business skills and sales psychology training these people (often sales representatives) should be regularly trained in the basis of marketing in order to understand mutual connections of marketing, trade and communication. Marketing research is a necessary source document for the marketing and sales plan. 2. 4 Marketing planning Marketing plan belongs to basic pillars and documents needed for a successful management of the whole enterprise.Within SMEs, where we discern sales and marketing management, the sales plan is often part of the marketing plan, called marketing and sales plan. The sales and marketing parts of the plan are still independent, mutually connected documents, use of which can be (A) Annual, as a fundamental document for the management of marketing and sales department. (B) Individual, as one of the basic documents for various activities and fields, for example business or investment goals, opening of new foreign markets, launching activities in new regional territories, launching of new products in the market, restructuring of enterprises.Marketing plan comes before financial plan, production plan, and human resources plan. Marketing plan is developed by the whole sales and marketing team, finalized by the marketing and sales director, who submits it to the enterprises director and bears responsibility. Marketing plan has to comply with the selected sales and marketing policy, and to be based on the whole companys strategy. Within the time sequence of individual plans it is always on the first place, i. e. being developed in September October of previous year. It is linked to marketing research, good quality of which is fundamental for the success or failure of the marketing and sales plan. The marketing plan (Figure 2-2) includes SWOT analysis of the enterprise, department (whole company) objectives, strategy of achievement, control mechanism of (assessment) achievement. Figure 2-2 Process of creation of marketing plan SWOT analysis To evaluate the result of enterprises or its departments activities the frequently used and well-known analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats SWOT is used. The strengths are compared with opportunities (creative thinking), and the weaknesses with threats and potential risk (basis for risk analysis). SWOT analysis in general is considered to be a very important strategic tool, which exceeds the framework of marketing.It provides information from the pedestal of customer relationship management on what work s (and what doesnt work), and on the changes in the interface between us and our customers. It is obvious we usually prepare SWOT analysis on the basis of previous research of external and competitive environment. The basis for SWOT analysis has to be thorough prior marketing research, otherwise we will not be able to compare our strengths and weaknesses, neither to define the opportunities and threats. Another danger of SWOT analysis is frequently a long list of wishes and limitations that detain the same for years. That is why it is important to focus on areas we can manage and influence.We use SWOT analysis not only as a necessary part of marketing plans, but also when evaluating personnel, annual reports and the like. Every salesperson and marketing staff member shall know the SWOT analysis and be able to make use of it within trading negotiations. The point s not to make too detailed analyses, 3 6 apt facts are enough for each area, expressed in the form of easily remembered slogans. The purpose of marketing plan should be considered. In case it is a regular document (see A) yearly prepared for the company management, it is a description of status, opportunities and threats of the marketing and sales department, or the whole enterprise (in smaller companies).In case of plans prepared for certain event (see B) the SWOT analysis relates to one activity only, it is a partial or professional SWOT analysis, which is used for the decision on how and whether to perform the activity. SWOT analysis should be brief (three to five points to every issue), communicated to the whole sales team, which should possibly participate in its preparation. It is not just a basis for next decisions in the sense of feasibility of the set objectives and consequent method of their achievement, but also a good basis for negotiations of sales people with partners. Knowledge of the weaknesses and strengths, opportunities and threats of the enterprise due to its environment should b e a matter of course for the whole company management.Strengths generate opportunities, some of which may even become objectives, on the contrary the weaknesses can lead to threats come true, and represent a basis for risk analysis. As well as the whole marketing plan the SWOT analysis should be created by team, while the final version and expressions are task for marketing and sales director. The very form of SWOT analysis within marketing plan can be one page, graphically clear matrix. Following the SWOT analysis we define the export departments or companys objectives. To systemize these factors a simple form is used (Table 2-1). SWOT analysis of a food processing company is provided as an example. COMPANY STRENGTHS OPPORTUNITIES IN THE MARKET team of specialists in the companys new customers recruited among chain management stores excellent safe input material new product range finished well established network of supplied food for the existing customers entities C R in EU new customers modern technological background wide assortment of products COMPANY WEAKNESSES THREATS FROM THE MARKET language barriers strong competition in the market of communication within the company, and foodstuff suppliers towards external customers foreign competition no product certified as TOP product due to Czech Republic in EU efficient approach to sales promotion orientation of multinational chains to missing the products of their home countries Table 2-1 Example of SWOT analysis of a food processing company Marketing objectives When defining the objectives we again differentiate between the plan as a managerial document (see A), or a plan of implementation of particular project (see B). In both cases the objectives should comply with several parameters, initials of which gave the method of their setting its name SMART. They should be Specific (repeatability), Measurable (turnover, margin, customers numbers), accomplishable (in accordance with the enterprises objectives), Realistic (possibilities of the enterprise, market capacity), Time (realistic delivery terms, possible to control). The objectives are based on SWOT analysis, i. e. on actual possibilities and opportunities of the enterprise. It should not be voiceless to set objectives using SMART method, provided the marketing research was performed well, or carefully updated. It is definitely not correct to go deliberately for high targets with the idea they do not have to be really achieved, but still we will have some good results. The proverb if you want to go high, you have to aim even higher does not apply here.It is recommendable to stand on the ground and create safe buffer, while keeping necessary and expected efficiency. It is because motivation plan is linked to the objectives, which would otherwise not make sense unreal objectives would be rather de-motivating. It is not exceptional that the motivation plan is not related to the ach ievement, but exceeding the target, which once again confirms the need to set the objectives in a realistic manner. In the first case (A) we set the objectives for one year ahead, maximum of ten easy to remember and measurable objectives are recommended. Considering joint sales / marketing plan, its first objective should be to fulfill the sales (commercial) plan.Other objectives can come from a wide range of marketing activities, depending on the companys focus, financial possibilities and realistic ambitions in the upcoming year. In the second case (B) fewer objectives are recommended (maximum five). here the objectives logically relate to a project to be implemented. As one of the first objectives it is advised to set the fulfillment of sales plan for specific project or territory, to which the whole plan refers. Other objectives can be for example aimed at winning certain number of customers, penetrating specific territories, organization of foreign trade fairs, implementation of particular reference deal, launch of a new product etc.It is not the most convenient in small and medium enterprises to set objectives related to achieved percentage of market share, for example to increase the share by x%, because the market share of small entities is hard to measure, and there is not necessarily a possibility of credible verification of its achievement, and the motivation for these objectives is not easy either, as it is not an exception to obtain quite different data on our market share. Specific marketing objectives in individual markets can be expressed as given desirable account book of sales, financial indicators achieved profit, return on investment, customers relationship increase of spontaneous awareness of the brand within the target group, increase of customers loyalty.The objectives should fulfill the above mentioned SMART criteria, they have to comply with main company goals, and geographically outlined. Organization of active marketing is qui te costly even in domestic markets, and definitely more in foreign markets. Therefore it is necessary to set the amount of anticipated income and revenue for the planned period. The work on formulation of departments or companys objectives should be a task for the whole sales and marketing team. Every participant should be able to complete and substantiate own sales plan, depending on the knowledge, market research, last years results, skills and experience, and factual data, and provide adequate reasons.This is another reason why a specialist shall perform the marketing research, which consequently addresses the specified segment, or implements the selected product in the territory. The form of objectives it is sufficient to describe the elect objectives in pregnant terms (one page document), it is necessary to mention who is responsible for the achievement (name, position), deadline has to be provided with each objective (specific date). Strategy of achievement of objectives Th e strategy of achievement of the set objectives describes how we shall implement them. In a sense it is a small business plan, timetable of HOW we want to achieve the set objectives.It is the most important part of marketing activity in the company, where creative, analytical and theoretical skills have to be combined, as the method of execution of the set task has its own system and order. When planning the strategy of achievement of objectives it is necessary to select the procedure that not only complies with the character of our business, but also covers the whole marketing area. It is convenient to use 4P or 4C marketing mix. Every step we are going to implement has to be compared back to the companys possibilities in financial, marketing, personnel, and production sense sometimes the compliance with quality policy is verified.That is why the team work with financial manager (or quality manager)is good for development of the strategy, it is proper to involve production managers who should create feedback to production and capacity conditions, and give the sales and marketing strategy adequate direction. This process is not in conflict with the previous principle of pressure on production and preferential position of marketing in the sense of product decision making. In case of a dispute the production shall not have veto right, as this should be the power of companys director to decide on further procedure, based on the views from marketing and sales, finance and production.However, this does not mean that the salespeople will not consult the strategy with financial and production managers. It is considered ideal situation, when there are variants emerging during discussions, acceptable for all parties. One should always be aware of the human resources opportunities of the department, which does not relate strictly to financial matters. Even if we have sufficient resources in budget to pay new salespeople, we do not necessarily find them in the market, a nd we may thus sacrifice the objectives. Following the above-mentioned, the qualification of sales and marketing staff should not be limited to expertise and general knowledge, they should be able to provide pass away arguments and negotiate within internal discussions as well.For this purpose they have to know the companys environment, capacities and possibilities. Major advantage is their basic knowledge of financial terms, which means at least the ability to read the budget, and defend their sales and marketing procedures properly. Figure 2-3 illustrates possible process of defining the strategies of achievement of objectives. This can obviously vary depending on the focus, size and goals of the enterprise. Figure 2-3 Possible process of defining the strategies of achievement of objectives 2. 5 Key terms Marketing management Marketing policy Marketing director qualitative marketing research Quantitative marketing research Marketing planning Far environment Near environmentIntern al environment Product group Product range Pricing policy Pricing strategy Distribution strategy Marketing targets Communication mix Customer segment 2. 6 Test questions 1. SWOT analysis is a basis for a) marketing research b) managerial plans (sales, marketing, financial) c) establishment of company information system d) companys annual report 2. Enterprise cant control in any significant way the factors defined in a) STEEP analysis b) SWOT analysis c) Porters analysis d) customers analysis 3. Questionnaire survey is a part of a) quantitative marketing research b) qualitative marketing research c) risk analysis d) analysis of strengths 4. CRM is ) the highest level of marketing management b) database file c) information system d) credit customer system 2. 7 Recommended literature Havlicek, K Management, Role of Managers in Company Management, chapter 2. Hellriegel, D. Jackson, E. S. Slocum,J. W. (2005) Management , A Comepetency-Based Approach. Thomson South-Western, Mason, ch apters 3, 5, 16 3. Role of management within sales management 3. 1 Sales management 3. 2 Management and development of sales plans 3. 3 Management of forecasts 3. 4 Trade receivables management 3. 5. Customers communication management 3. 6 Key terms 3. 7 Test questions 3. 8 Recommended literature 3. 1 Sales managementSales management is linked to the marketing strategy, in many respects complementing the marketing management. It is often quite difficult in SMEs to tell the boundary between marketing and sales management. In any case, it is not possible to simplify the very sales activities only to the purchase sales level. For example the management of forecasts and receivables belongs to major managerial activities that exceed the borders of sales significantly, being of crucial importance for the company. Karel Havlicek in his publication Marketing management of foreign trade (Eupress, 2006) summed up the basic aspects of sales management to the following four areas ( Figure 3-1 ) 3. Management and development of sales plans The sales plan is an essential document for the sales department in smaller companies, where there are mostly joint sales / marketing departments, it is also a part of marketing plan. That is why it is convenient to incorporate the objectives of sales plan in the objectives of marketing department. This fact of rather technical character does not change a word said about the sales plan being crucial for the budget, strategic document that has to comply with certain requirements. Some enterprises, mainly the smaller ones, often ignore the marketing plan, and use only sales plan for commercial management.From short-term viewpoint this is possible, but it cant be effective in a long run, as the enterprise is going to lose contact with market reality sooner or later. Such plan is then more or less routinely re-written every year, some per cent added or subtracted here and there according to the current view of sales people. Innovation impu lses are missing, as well as new trends and feedback, the control over competition is lost, communication with customers chaotic, distribution without concept, and prices frequently at random, i. e. according to what the customer asks, regardless of the overall market and company situation, not to speak about the prolongation of development trends.In these circumstances the staff can be hardly motivated, and the discussions concerning sales plan figures are difficult. Sales people are not continuously forced to collect new information (which they may like at times), and they lose so important arguments for business negotiations, they have problems describing major competitive advantage of the company, and they face difficulties when defending it against competing offers. It is up to the personality of marketing and sales director and general director to be invariable when requiring the preparation of marketing and sales plans, be it very simple documents of few pages. Absence of su ch policy is mostly due to the fact that company directors dont know how to apply it.This lack of knowledge is being argued we have never needed that, we have read the market for a long time, everything has worked fine so far, you are making up useless things etc. It is one of serious mistakes and managerial faults to be rigorously eliminated. In case the sales plan makes part of annual budget it should be developed for one year ahead (submitted in October the previous year), divided in months and quarters. In case of export activities it is correct for every conquered territory to have its own sales plan, even very simple one. This brings the possibility of easy monitoring of every market by assigning smash and personnel cost to each territory, and working actively with the price map. Complete sales plan is then total of all the territories, or other monitored groups.Overall sales plan for foreign markets is usually divided by product groups (sometimes we talk about commodities, or product lines), customer segments or specific major customers (in mix by the product groups and territories), territories (every foreign territory separately, individual regions can be sub-groups), Detailed sales plan can include other sub-categories, as well as some plans can ignore certain above mentioned points of interest. It is definitely useful to divide the plan at least in two categories, and cross-compare the results and forecasts (see below). This is good for the management of forecasts, and this way we compel the sales people to think about the plan and the prognoses. Sometimes the plan is complemented with by sales people or other category. is logical that the end and total monthly figures have to be equal in the individual categories. From these data we can tell immediately where a major difference occurs, and what should be our focus. For example if we plan smoothly by product groups, but there are problems with planning and formulation of expectations by custome r groups, it means we have a good overall picture of the market, but the work with individual groups of customers and relevant prognosis is difficult. In other words the communication between us and the customer is not exactly perfect one, which can lead to losing them over time. This means we need to respond and look for a remedial measure.Another important aspect of the division is the immediate overview of individual market segments, as we can measure their trends and performance in these segments, and following the data we can develop further marketing activities. These obviously vary depending on the groups and segments, often in all the marketing mix aspects. Sales plan indicators Major indicators of sales plan are turnover, sales, or own output. This indicator is always provided in one measurable currency CZK, EUR or other. The data regarding measuring units can be also included in the sales plan they are significant, but not crucial. It can be a major mistake, when some com panies use as their main sales plan indicator such measuring units as number of pieces sold, square meters, tons etc.The control gets more complicated, as measuring unit can change its price in a short time, but most importantly we cant measure immediate efficiency. The fact that more tons are sold does not mean increasing turnover or output. Sometimes other indicators are measured, such as margin, but once again it should be measured as a sub-category, and evaluated on continuous basis. This indicator is important namely for trading companies, where the turnover may grow and plan be achieved, but at the set down of lower margin, which can influence the whole companys economy at certain stage. It is necessary to adopt strategic measures in time. How to develop a sales plan? When compiling a sales plan, we most often utilize mixture of the following primary and secondary methodsData from previous periods This is the most simple and lendable method, by which we track our sales res ults in given product groups, territories and customer segments in previous periods. In case we have been in the market for a longer time, we follow trends in specific categories, overall turnover figures, the margin and seasonal trends. Such information is definitely important for the development of plans, but not crucial. The precondition here is weve already made business in the territory. Market research from the viewpoint of competitive and external environment The basis is continuous or specific research of a foreign market, which is described in previous chapters.Apart from other data we are interested in the sales of our competition, trends and purchasing behavior of our customers, price policy of our suppliers, the threat of substitute products, capacity of foreign markets etc. In more remote territories we would track sociological, technological, economic, environmental, or political factors. The market information collected during marketing research of external and compet itive environment is usually the most important basis for correct estimation of revenues. Professional intuition, experience and market estimates This is rather complementary method of estimation of revenues, which is nevertheless very valuable. Only the experienced sales staff can afford this, capable to foresee the behavior of consumers in selected markets.Foreign traders who operate in foreign territories on our behalf, and know the purchasing behavior of local population very well, can serve as an example. These experienced managers are priceless, but even here we need to think of their estimates and intuition, prognoses and forecasts as a complementary factor for plan development. Form, reporting and approval of the sales plan The sales plan has to be well arranged with regards to given period usually prepared for individual months. The best would be to fit it within one page for the sake of good orientation. Budget, forecast (see below) and reality columns should be included. Differences have to be regularly monitored and evaluated. The sales plans of individual sales persons should be regularly (usually once a week) reported (e. g. lectronically via the companys information system) to the marketing and sales director, and made part of regular meetings of the marketing and sales department, or export department. Total annual sales plan is a work f the whole export team, marketing and sales director is responsible for its completion on the basis of individual plans. Individual sales persons are responsible for their partial sales plans. It is the task for marketing and sales director to evaluate each individual plan objectively, to provide a healthy opponency and cooperate on the final figure, which can be either the revenue, turnover, or margin. The sales persons bear absolute responsibility, and their motivation aspects are derived from the plan.It is recommended to set motivation bonuses for exceeding the plan, as the financial budget should be built on basic salary and fulfillment of the sales plan, or achievement of economic result. This means bonus shall be paid on the basis of exceeding the plan in certain ratio determined by the companys management, with a reserve for marketing and sales directors (following the logic exceeding the sales plan = exceeding the total economic result). 3. 3. Management of forecasts The importance of management of forecasts is bigger than generally perceived, and it goes far beyond the framework of marketing and sales department. The term forecast is used in foreign companies in the meaning of estimate. Other used terms are sales prognosis, or expectancy.Foreign companies have learned to use the forecasts as an essential managerial act basis for the whole companys strategy . There is some lack of willingness of sales persons and managers regarding forecasts in our country. It is a strategic mistake, which should be avoided by marketing and sales directors. This insufficient willingness is more or less due to the fact that the sales people dont know how to prepare the forecasts, or how to estimate the purchasing behavior of their customers, and sales of their products in the horizon of few upcoming months. merely first lets have a look at the sequence and importance of the management of forecasts.Sales person submits and substantiates the following data within the sales plan development a) sales plan usually one year ahead, by months (territories, segments or product groups), b) continuous forecasts always several months ahead, prepared every month (tracking the differences between the plan and forecasts), c) reality i. e. actual result by months (tracking how the reality differs from budget and continuous forecasts). Importance of the management of forecasts We prepare the forecasts usually every month, always for 3-6 months ahead, i. e. in January for Jan-Jun period (six-month prognosis), in April for Apr-Sep period, in November for Nov-Apr period (in this case we ov erlap in two sales plans of the current and following year), etc.We see the importance of management of forecasts in the following aspects 1. We monitor the differences from budget sales plan By continuous monitoring of the trends and preparing prognoses (e. g. sic months ahead) we track the differences between actual and budget figures, i. e. the effects on budget economic result. There are basically three options Continuous forecasts do not vary from the budget it means we have prepared the budget very precisely, there will be likely no effects on the economic result. Forecasts are higher than the budget it means our revenues will be probably higher than the budget expects, which may leads to many positive effects, but possible negatives should be considered.These can include higher receivables due to larger volume of sales, and consequently possible need to supply external resources to cover operating capital, which is not necessarily a matter of short time (guarantees). Mor eover, the overdue receivables may grow, which is another complication when supplying external bank resources. However, there can be a reverse effect, i. e. cash surplus, which is obviously a positive. Even in such a case it s good to know in advance, as we can cancel loans, change funding or develop another investment project, where the resources can be used. This is a matter of several months, therefore continuous information on higher forecasts in the horizon of months is very important for us. Continuous forecasts are lower than the budget undoubtedly negative message, in such situation the economic result is at stake, sometimes even general companys existence. Here the timely indication in the form of six-month advance is twice as important, as it is necessary to adopt immediate measures. These may include an diligence for external resources, which is a matter of several weeks, or even months in banks. These may also be considerable cost cuts, such as layoffs, which is once a gain a matter of months (considering the compensations and notice periods). 2. We force the sales people to collect market information and communicate with customersThis is another very significant aspect of both marketing and psychological importance. It requires prognoses in six-month advance (there are companies, namely multinationals, which require even annual forecasts with monthly breakdown). This means the sales people have to collect new, updated information on regular basis, i. e. to work with the market. On

Manufactured Crisis: Myths, Fraud, and the Attack

Manufactured Crisis Myths, Fraud, and the Attack on Americas Public Schools is an illustrative work by Berliner, an raisingal psychologist, and Biddle, a mixer psychologist, unfolds the the popualr myths almost American school education that are prevalent in the American society. It push explain the background of the creation of these myth and refute the popular beliefs on non-homogeneous grounds.He is of the view thatr since the universalation of A Nation at Risk (1983), American society has fabricated various popular myths about their scholl educational system.He further narrates the nature of these beliefs and says that there are several distinct types of popular myths i.e. failure of Aemrican school system in general, declin in the college students performance and the comparative failure to hap up with their fallow students in advanced European and Asian countries measured against the developed parameters, better performance of private schools as compared with overt scho ols, too untold resource allocation for education save net result is not worth that spending and threat to American future due to the failure of these human beings school system. Berliner and Biddle consider these allegation as mere speculations and fabrication that has no real grounds.The arguments provided innthe books are not subjective and indivduals speculation but Berliner and Biddles arguments are developed by close analysis and interpretation of the data and decoding high-sounding polemical pronouncements. The pronouncements of these prominent scholars are based on quite sensible assumptions and they closely assess the data to prove their points. The strength of their findings can be illustrated by the continuous advice offered to reader to aassess their findings on parameters they used for other contemporary educational critics who created the above-mentioned myths.At the very start, the book looks into the hidden agendas and motives of some distinguished educational cr itics and tries to pocate the reasons for that. The authors depict that by manufacturing some myth about the open empyrean school system, these scolars and intellectiauals armed service the vested interests of pro-privatization groups. Berliner and Biddle further assersts in the past the assualt on public schools came from the same pro-privatization groups. They provide comprehensive data and manifest that all these attacks were repleted with fabricated myths faradulent assertions about the disadvantages of American Public School System.Berliner and Biddle illustrates that in reality this manufactured viewpoint is an epitome of organized malevolence that only serves the interests of some vested group in the education sector.And this creationof myth has deluded American nation about the true state of public school system and their triumphs for the last two decades. The fabrication of these myths need lobbying abd elusive sharpness into the minds and psychology of the Amerrican p eople.Berliner and Biddle affirm that this viewpoint has been extensively propogated influential people within the govermental sector and outside, who were pursuing a political agenda designed to weaken the nations public schools, redistribute support for those schools so that privileged students are favored over needy students, or even abolish those schools altogether (p. xii). Berliner and Biddle again reinforce the estimation that provision of education to a diverse population on the mass scale is only possible through these public schools amd its structure is far more(prenominal) developed than depicted by the authors of manufactured realities.The intial chapters reveals the deceitfuil statements about the accomplishments and aptitudes of American students. They further explores the myths associated with huge spendings on the educations and its results. It further narrates the chrateristics of public school systems that are apprehensible to the critics of public schools. These chapter further illustrates the misapprehension in the mind of general public and root causes of prevalent public dissatisfaction with public education. Berliner and Biddle discloses that these critics intentionally disregard the accomplishments of these public schools and only portrays the social and educational problems associted with these institutes.In the proceeding chapters, the authors analyze the mtives behind these manufactured criticism and dilemmas attributed to public school system. Berliner and Biddle display that this criticism is dine in a subtle way but in response they do not put the blame of the critics and their believers but put social forces under allegations.They further appraise the suggestions of these critics for educational reforms of this system as poorply formulated ideas. The next chapter provide a cpmprehensive assessment of the real dilemmas faced by American educational system.Considers authtentic and productive criticism undecomposed for public sch ool system in particular and American educational sector in general but they further note that criticism to serve particular interets has also long tradition in the education sector. Berliner and Biddle note that there has been a long tradition of criticizing. They not only identifies the manufactured myths but also proves these myths as fake and fabricated with the help of data collected through various means. They further seek solutions to the real problems faced by the public schools in America. This book also considers the five Bracey reports on public education published annually by Phi Delta Kappan since 1991 and the 1994 PDK/Gallup poll as essential indicators of the realities about American School systems.Berliner and Biddles main focus was the manufactured crisis produced by various educational critics to undermine American Public school system and erosion of a sense of loss these manufactured myths has produced in the minds of American citizens about their educational syst em but thet further eloborated the various authentic criticism and suggested that the recommendation of these studies must(prenominal) be implemented to improve the system. They include their own recommendations in that list and says that the comiited forces together with appropriate educational research and compassion can eliminate this crisis and impart mold it into success.For the above-mentioned reasons and others, The Manufactured Crisis is an well0doumented and illustrative work that can capacitate those who committed for the excellance in American school system to work in a more productive and reponsible way.RerefencesBerliner and Biddle.( 1995.) The Manufactured Crisis Myths, Fraud, and the Attack on Americas Public Schools. Addison Wesley.

Edwardian family Essay

The furniture alone really shows the wealth and opulence of this upper class Edwardian family. The furniture and clothes also develops trust between the earreach and characters as it gives off a cosy home feel.It is obvious from when you beginning read act one that JB Priestley has made a deliberate effort to salmagundi the tone from how it was at the beginning (relaxed) to how it ended (tense). When we read the bring for the first time, we get the impression that for people as superior as the birls to take either notice of somebody in a lower social class than them, somebody such as Eva metalworker actually has to die. This shows huge in scarcelyice and makes us feel very sympathetic for Eva Smith.The main way he achieved this is by the use of the plot. This is because they are having a nice relaxed dinner party, and then an Inspector who they energize never meet before knocks on their door, and begins to interrogate them ab out a suicide. This puzzles them as the police offic er openly says that it was definitely a suicide, therefore what wickedness could they have committed.Although this is the main reason for the drastic change in tone, Priestley does many other things to show this change.One aspect of his writing which does this is the way in which he wrote the inspectors lines. The inspectors lines are all written so that it sounds super aggressive from the Birlings point of view. One example of this, is when Shelia is beingness extremely honest, and is telling the Inspector how she got Eva Smith sacked. Shelia really shows how guilty she feels, how deeply sorry she is and how she would behave differently a second time. However the Inspector very bluntly says Yes but you cant. Its too late. Shes dead.This is an extremely upfront and abrupt way of saying it. So he changes the mood from relaxed/happy to nearly awkward and upsetting.Due to this aggressiveness which the Inspector shows from the moment he walks in the door, Mr Birling almost tries to fight back which results in both of them almost competing in a childish game, where they keep trying to get one up on each other. E.g. (whos the bigger man)This is sh knowledge by Mr Birling consistently mentioning that he has friends in high places. He does this in a very subtle and sly manor. At this point both of them know the involvement Mr Birling had with Eva Smith. Mr Birling remembered Eva Smith because he fired from his company her due to a campaign she led for higher pay. Therefore he last meet Eva Smith chthonian unpleasant circumstances. This secret that both the inspector and Mr Birling had was probably what sparked off this aggressiveness.The first time we see this happening is when Mr Birling says Perhaps I ought to censure you that hes an old friend of mine, and that I see him fairly frequently. We play golf together at the West Bromley. The old friend being the inspectors chief constable. In a way Mr Birling is trying to tell the Inspector to tread carefully, by letting him know he has friends in high places.This aggressiveness certainly demonstrates how Priestley changes the tone so drastically and so effectively. It also keeps the audience gripped making it very exciting.All of the characters in this play have very strong personalities one way or another, and all of them represent some kind of portrayal above everybody else in the play.Shelia, for example, shows that she feels more contriteness than anyone else by far and seems truly hurt and guilty by the whole thing. For example when the inspector asked Shelia And was it the girls fault?Shelia replies No, not really. It was my own stupid fault.She has shown her silver dollar by owning up to it unlike her self obsessed perplex who would argue everything until he was proved completely wrong. She also displayed remorse by ridiculing herself, saying It was my own stupid fault.Again she shows that she is sorry when she says Oh-why had this to happen. Rather than saying something like Mr B irling would say e.g. Well it was her own fault in the first place.Shelia plays the kind understanding character to the play, who comes across as more innocent than anybody else. She brings reason to the equation and we probably feel the more sympathy for her than anyone else. This is because when she tells her horizontal surface, Priestley writes it as if it was from the bottom of her heart/sincerely. Another reason we feel this sympathy for her is because we feel she has been conned out the most, when we find out that the inspector is a fake.This is because she seems to have poured her heart out more then everybody else and after she finds out that the inspector is a con she still defends the morals the Inspector was saying even though the entire Eva Smith scenario, was completely false based on the knowledge they had at the time. This happens in the 3rd act when Shelia says to Mr Birling It doesnt matter now of course, but was he really a police inspector?Mr Birling then replies Well if he wasnt, it matters a devils lot. Makes all the difference.Shelia then snappily responds No it doesnt.She says this meaning that just because the Inspector is gone nothing is changed because what he was saying was correct even if it was fictional. However Mr Birling cannot understand that the message has not changed, now they know the story was fiction and just says Dont be so childish, Shelia.This is another event in the play which supports Shelias kind, understanding and more mature than her fathers personality. She represents a possibility of social change and seems to have some basic morality.

Juvenile Recidivism Essay

Recidivism is when someone returns to the same look that they were previously doing (Unruh, Gau, & Waintrup, 2009). There ar mevery factors that raise the as suppose of puerile recidivism such(prenominal) as single parenting, and even when the parents become involved in drug use. When juveniles become high luck for recidivism it is Copernican that the adults whether it be the parents, teachers or any adult in authority step in to help the juvenile to make better choices. By an adult fetching an interest in the claw it can prevent them from falling into a pigeonholing that becomes high risk.From 1984 through 1997 a 71% there was a feeler in crimes committed by juveniles that were excessively violent offences (Jenson, & Howard, 1998, p. 325). Recidivism is when someone returns to the same behavior that they were previously doing (Unruh, Gau, & Waintrup, 2009). Martin (2011), also states that recidivism is (the process of relapsing into execrable behavior) (p. 306). According to Nijhof, et al (2008), JUVENILE DELINQUENCY DOES NOT TYPICALLY BEGIN with delinquent acts. Rather, it begins with nondelinquent problem behavior (p. 45).This paper will prospect at what could be the causes not hardly for juveniles committing crimes still returning to the behavior of recommitting resoundedly. There harbour been some studies that were done and findings reserve a bun in the oven shown that from 1984 through 1997 a 71% rise in crimes committed by juveniles that were also violent offences. They also pitch that there are 200,000 tidy sum participating in gang activity in 79 of the biggest cities in the unify States (Jenson, & Howard, 1998, p. 325).According to Johnson-Reid, Williams, & Webster (2001), It keep the appearance _or_ semblances more likely that the inevitably of these youths went undetected before juvenile court involvement for serious delinquent activities (p. 219). With all the studies that were done, from African-American, to single parents , it was shown that when a youngster lives in a step family, they can still do well. The reason for this is socialization theory proves that it is an environment that the child can still grow in a healthy manner. The child is having its needs met in a naturing manner (Mullins, 2010, p. 13).Also if the parents arent married when the child is born, there are no effectuate on the child. The child is affected when there is no involvement from the father while growing up (2010, pp. 13-14). The first thing we postulate to do is look at is who whitethorn be at a higher risk for juvenile recidivism. There have been some researches that have shown that children with severe emotional misgiving (SED) could be likely candidates for the court systems that down with youth (Johnson-Reid, Williams, & Webster, 2001, p. 214). Problems in academics can also be a contributing factor.For instance, if they are in classes where they may have learning disabilities, they may be at a higher risk and fi nd themselves in the court system (Sander, Sharkey, Olivarri, Tanigawa, & Mauseth, 2010, p. 288). According to Sander, et al, (2010), Negative school factors imply high retention rates, frequent use of expulsion or suspension in discipline policies, infrequent use of positive behavior strategies, ineffective classroom management, poor teacher-student relationships, and weak school-comm unit of measurementy connections (p. 290).So when the student feels a lack of support from the school, this can lead them down paths of juvenile delinquency instead of causing them to want to do well. Juveniles with learning disabilities and emotional disturbance are becoming prevalent in the court and correction system. A study found that the number of off nullifyers with LD was 35. 6% and the juveniles with ED that was in the corrections was 16-50%. These children had the most amounts of arrests which puts them at a higher risk (Chen, et al, 2011, p. 5). Another risk could be when the father is abs ent from the youths life and heathen issues.When a child is growing up in an African American home and the father isnt absent, the results are as negative as any other race. The father being absent plays a vital role in the behaviors of the children (Mullins, 2011, p. 16). When a mother is an active state of drug addiction it puts her child at a higher risk of psychological problems. A study has shown that the children dont get medical treatment for the first ii geezerhood of their lives, which is only the start of the maltreatment that they suffer (Callaghan, Crimmins, & Schweitzer, 2010, p. 223).Suchman (2010), states that Parenting problems observed during the childrens first three years of life include poor attachment, responsiveness, adaptability, and structure juxtaposed with heightened corporeal activity, provocation, and intrusiveness (p. 483). What the child gets or the lack thereof can be from the mothers own problems from her childhood (Suchman, 2010, p. 484). When th ese mothers had poor parents themselves it gives them a distorted view of how parenting should be. This more generation can lead to the mothers abusiveness and neglect for her own child plus the use of drugs on the mothers part (2010, p. 85). Poverty can play a role in problems that children can face. The lacks of medical attention, poor academic success, along with psychological difficulties are some of the challenges that these children face. The contributing factors that they face are drug use, criminal behavior, and not doing well academically. When these youth are constantly exposed to such unstable behaviors, it plays a vital role in the outcome of their own lives that can cause them to repeat the learned behaviors (Anthony, 2008, p. 6). Another risk factor for juvenile recidivism is when their parents divorce.The divorce can expose them to the difficulties that the parents are having and cause distress on them. (Elonheimo et al, 2010, p. 910). This breakdown in the family u nit along with the lack of support for the children can be contributing factors. (According to Elonheimo et al (2010), stated that Divorce often entails stressors such as parental conflict, poor child-rearing, changes in parental figures and re slopence, and reduced income (p. 910). well-nigh other factors that can contribute to juvenile delinquency can be when the child doesnt get from the mom or dad what they need in a positive way.Many times the parents just dont know how to parent in a cultivable and positive manner. Sometimes the criminal behavior can begin with the parent and it becomes learned behavior for the child. If one or both parents are abusive either to each other or the child it can become a contributing factor also (Latimer, 2001, p. 238). Whats in a name? It does bailiwick what a person names their child. If the name isnt a popular one then the child may become a delinquent or at least increase the chances.Its when the home is already below poverty and the pare nts give their child a name that isnt appealing that the juvenile may become at risk for negative behavior. The reason for this is because your name gives off a message to others and this is what they use to determine what kind of person you are, its that preconception that we all try to use when we meet someone we dont know (Kalist & Lee, 2009, pp. 39-40). So if we are motivated by how others see us then how does that leave a child when they are viewed in a negative way by their peers, their parents and their surroundings?According to Calhoun, et al (1984), states that high self-concept was a product of favorable socialization and steered boys away from delinquency, while low self-concept was the result of unfavorable socialization and provide little resistance to deviancy, delinquent companions (p. 324). Juvenile recidivism may not begin with who is to blame from the home, the environment surrounding them or even how the juvenile feels about them, but when a child goes from one de linquent behavior into committing negative criminal behavior repeatedly, it becomes more of a problem. This could come from how they are treated in the court system.In 1978 the New York State Juvenile wrongdoer Act was passed and the effect on the courts was profound with the way that the courts treated juvenile offenders. For instance, in the late 1970s when there were some murders committed by juveniles that displace a lot of attention, the courts used this to cut down on delinquency. The attitude from the people towards juveniles became punishing (Jenson & Howard, 1998, p. 327). According to Jenson & Howard (1998), Legislation enabling states to transfer more juveniles to the criminal justice system has had negligible effects on youths violent crime rates (p. 328).By incarcerating juveniles with adults it puts them at a higher risk for many side effects. Many of these side effects can include, the juvenile being depressed, and problems with their mental health (Ng, et al, 2010, p. 21). It has been determined that when a juvenile is placed in a prison with adults, the experience is overwhelming for the juvenile. They dont learn to not commit the crimes but instead they learn an increased amount of criminal behavior from the adults they are with. They are also pushed around by not only the adult inmates but also from the guards that are supposed to be in charge.They are capable to many offences from the adult prisoners in which they can basically do nothing about (Ng, et al, 2010, p. 30). The way that juveniles are treated by the court system also plays a part in how they react to either repeating the crimes or staying out of trouble. According to Vermeiren, et al, (2004), Juvenile arrest and court policies range between two extremes the justice model, which emphasizes threat to punishment, and the welfare model, which aims at treating underlying psychosocial causes (p. 567). Many times it is up to the people dealing with the youth as to what their compo nent part may be.There are factors that can be considered which are how old the youth is, how many is in the group, what color is the skin of the youth, economic status, what the policies are for that flying field on juvenile delinquency, and how much the police are watching that specific place where the juvenile is picked up from (Vermeiren, 2004, p. 567). So it can be a numerate of a juvenile being in the wrong place at the right time for them to get caught. It could be that the youth is influenced by a group of kids to do something that they would not have normally done.If policies can change from being hard on the youth to being involved with the youth to set up programs to change their lives then the rate of recidivism may decline. According to Callagan (2011), Regular and frequent parental support and education, as well as medical and developmental reviews for the infant, have been found to be vital in ensuring a positive parent-child relationship, and optimal physical and e motional development (p. 224). So if the child isnt getting what it needs from the beginning then it is likely that it will affect it for years to come.For substance using mothers that have been found to have abusive or neglectful behaviors towards their children, it was found that the mothers can change their parenting behaviors towards their children. The lack of attachment that is between the child and mother can change by the mother receiving counseling. These changes can occur in a limited amount of time (Suchman, et al, 2010, p. 501). Options for juvenile delinquents arent just putting them into prison but instead its protecting them from becoming at risk in the first place.According to Jenson & Howard (1998), Communities can prevent delinquency by designing programs that address known risk factors for antisocial behavior (p. 331). If we begin to deal with these juveniles at an early stage of their lives it is more likely that the risk factors can be reduced instead of waiting till the problems are already there. What they learn from their academics can make a difference also. If their academics are of a poor quality then that can put them at a higher risk of juvenile recidivism (Chen, 2011, p. 15).Some form of punishment is needed when it comes to juvenile delinquent behavior, but it should be appropriate and helpful. According to Ng, et al (2010), magical spell they should be punish for crimes committed, the repercussions of punishment in the form of damage to mental health could have long-term consequences that in the end translate into burdens for the society (p. 32). There are many ways of helping juveniles even after they are in the system and have a criminal history. A form of mediation called Family Group Conferencing or FGC.This is where the offender and the family and the victim would have someone who mediates between them. The outcome many times is to bring restitution emotionally and maybe even materialistically (Baffour, 2006, p. 557). Whe n arduous to help someone who has a history of criminal behavior it is important to do it in a way that it will be beneficial. According to Baffour (2006), trey major paradigms have been advanced to address criminal treatment strategies retribution, rehabilitation, and restoration (p. 559). We first look at retributive, where the criminal will have punitive consequences for their behavior.thence we want to make sure that they get rehabilitated as much as it is possible, whether it be drug abuse treatment, therapy for them and for their family. We also want them to know that what they did was wrong and they should have accountability for what they did. This will entail the victim being involved with getting help also (Baffour, 2006, p. 559). One way of intervention for juvenile recidivism is to place the youth into a program that has a limited time for them to stay. This would be a program that is community supported versus placing the youth into a residential treatment program.Whi le the youth is in the program they would receive help that included the whole family. For the juvenile that went willingly there was a decrease in juvenile recidivism as compared to the ones that were made to go somewhere without their consent (Latimer, 2001, p. 244). When looking at the issues with black males and how they cope with having fathers that arent involved in their lives, there are some that seem to do well with it and some that dont do as well. A 25% incline of homes without fathers is on the rise within the 40 years. Some of these homes have not only the influence of the mom but also the grandmother.According to Cartwright, et al, (2012), The absence of fathers is a major factor in many issues such as crime and delinquency, premature sexuality, poor educational achievement, and poverty, which have negatively impacted society (pp. 29-30). So with that being said a study followed tail fin males that were African American. These males were found to be in college and grew up in homes without the father present. Looking at what made the difference for them that didnt work for many others that end up being repeat offenders in the system (2012, p. 31).What made the difference that was made for these males that others may of not or maybe they didnt have complete of it. According to Cartwright, (2011), (a) a male role model or mentor, (b) a supportive mother, (c) wanting to achieve an education, (d) respect for their fathers, and (e) resiliency (p. 34). For a boy to have a male role model that can be positive can be important because there are things that they arent able to say to their moms that having a male in their life can make a difference (2012, p. 34). These young men are aware of how they are viewed by the people around them because they are black.Much of societys influences come from what they see on television. It is important for these men to not be the way society sees them but instead to be the way they want to be and show society that the y are different (2012, p. 35). The respectfulness that they felt for their fathers could have been what kept them from feeling evoke that many young men feel when their fathers arent present in their lives (2012, p. 36). By teaching young black children that dont have a father in the home that they can obtain an education it can help to get them on a right track (2012, 38).