US department of education should be abolished Essay -- Persuasive, Ed

Discussing the topic of instruction Thomas Jefferson asserted I know of no safe deposition of the ultimate powers of the society but the people themselves and if we think them non learned person enough to exercise their control with a wholesome discretion, the remedy is not to take it from them but to inform their discretion. (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1976) . Educating future American generations was a intervention topic during the nations founding. chairman Jefferson, like many founders, politicians and scholars accented the greatness of educating the people. Knowledge was an important factor in a sound Republic. Recent politicians have taken a emplacement against the Department of Education. Considering the importance of education, why would anyone take a stance against education? The current stance is not against education but instead it is against the Department of Education. The founders did not plan education controlled by the federal government instead they proclaim ed can for state governed education with federal assistance. More than two hundred age passed without a U.S. Department of Education, because people fe bed government meddling in education. Those venerations are coming to fruition. Today the U.S. Department of Education is a Bureaucratic nightmare. The division continues to grow in both size and expense with little boost shown. The American people fear that their children will not receive a proper education without the department. This fear is propagated by the department itself. After only they have to make a living. At least two several(predicate) federal education plans developed since the department started operations. Therefore, The Department of Education should be abolished because the American people did no... ...as tasked in 1981 to collect information and survey the shape of education. The commission was to prepare a report for the Secretary of Education and the President within 18 months. Studies had shown that A merican students were scoring lower on tests than their counterparts in other nations including, Japan, South Korea and Germany (The National Commission of Excellence in Education, 1983). This fear was the driving force behind the commissioning. The commission produced A Nation at Risk The Imperative for Educational Reform in April 1983 meeting the plus deadline. The commission declared that American education had been backsliding since the Soviets launched Sputnik. Illiteracy had rise and average test scores declined during that time period. American industry was losing territory to Japan in Automobiles, South Korea in Steel and Germany in appliance tools.

Scientific Revolution Dbq

*The scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries brings to mind great scientists like Galileo who apply themselves to math and science in order to help benignant learning. Advances were make in chemistry, astronomy, math, and level(p) more branches of science by these men. However, they were not the ones whose thoughts were able to change that of the good deal in charge, i. e. , the Pope and the powerful rulers of that time.Without those populate, the ideas of the scientists would never run through been accepted by the general public. The thoughts of those muckle such as unearthly figures, philosophers, and even men working in the suppose were those that most helped to ram the scientific revolution forward, because they broke boundaries and changed the way even society itself reacted to fresh ideas and developments. **The year 1554 was one of the first days that a free nous came into the picture.John Calvin, a French Protestant theologian, disagreed with the po sition that the study of astronomy should be outlawed by the church, saying, This study should not be prohibited, nor this science condemned, because around frantic persons boldly reject whatever is unkn knowledge to them, (doc. 2). He had even formed his own religions, to become known later as Calvinism, because he so disagreed with the perform. Just a few years earlier, Polish non-Christian priest and astronomer Nicholas Copernicus had agreed in a more mild way, saying, The wise(p) and unlearned alike may see that I shrink from no criticism, (doc. ) meaning that he would continue his studies no matter what others told him. Both these spiritual men, though in different religions, thought the said(prenominal) thing roughly the fact that experience and learning should have no boundaries. Galileo himself was living cogent evidence of what these two men are discussing his books were banned by the Church and adjust under house arrest for the last years of his life because his teachings disagreed with the Church.People wholly over the arena, including people within the Church like Copernicus, began to see that the Church was conflicting with the opportunity to discover many new things. **Many philosophers had the same ideas about learning and the fact that it must be expanded. Francis Bacon, as incline philosopher of science, said that the true and lawful goal of science is this that human knowledge be endowed with new discoveries and powers, (doc. 4). He believed that learning new things was perfectly necessary to all of world itself.Another philosopher that was way ahead of her time was Margaret Cavendish, an English natural philosopher. She said, Were it allowable for our sex, I might set up my own school of natural philosophy, (doc. 9). though it would be many years in advance this would actually happen Cavendish, like these other men, wanted to open peoples eye up to new possibilities. She also wanted them to accept scientists, though she was speech production of the female gender. Thomas Hobbes, an English philosopher, talks not about how the Church would limit knowledge, but how the state itself would.He believes that, because geometry does not appear to matter to people because it has nothing to do with ambition, lust or profit, people will mostly leave it alone. But, he says that if some geometry postulate or theorem would conflict with the saki of those who rule, he knows that it would be suppressed, (doc. 7). Hobbes believes wholeheartedly that any king or top executive would censor new discoveries should they not be want they want their people to know. *Despite Hobbes views, there were some people involved in the state who tried to encourage scientists to gather their knowledge together. Henry Oldenburg, secretary of the English Royal Society, had wanted scientists to all come together as a community. He said, Friendship should be spread through the world of learning, and established among those whose minds are above partisan zeal because of their devotion to truth and human welfare, (doc. 6).Oldenburg believed that communities of learning would greatly benefit the world at that time, and all of mankind to come. Jean Baptiste Colbert, French finance minister under Louis XIV, wrote a garner saying how the state also must allow arts and sciences to flourish, and that he has been persuaded to establish many scientific academies to help science prosper (doc. 11). This sight be shown being put into action a few years later, with a drawing of all the great minds and projects at work in the French Royal Academy, a place where learning could flourish (doc. 0). ** needy thinkers of the Scientific Revolution such as religious men, philosophers, and statesmen, despite the fact that they were not considered scientists, made the most important contributions in these time periods. Though they did not actually change the way the people viewed the physical world like some scientists, they changed th e way the people of that time period thought. These were the people that opened their eyes so that they could see the new discoveries made by scientists. These were the

Psychology Resilience Paper Essay

Our history does not determine our destiny, stated Boris Cyrulnik, designer of resiliency How Your Inner Strength Can Set You Free From the Past. Resilience after part come from many places in a person, but when look at the nature versus stir perspective, it is nature that most strongly determines how springy a person will be, and not based quite as much upon how they were nurtured. As Cyrulnik said, it is not our history, in other words, not how weve been antecedently nurtured, that determines what we will become, or how resilient we will be in times of trial.Before discussing the idea of how nature applies to the idea of resiliency, it is important to first generalise what resilience is. Cyrulnik defined this word as such The ability to succeed, to work in a positive and kindlyly acceptable way, despite the prove or adversity that would normally involve the real possibility of a shun outcome. (Cyrulnik, 1999. ) this means that when a person goes through a mishap in t heir life, they continue to live normally instead of allowing it to affect their lives in a bad way.One important point that the textbook Invitation to aliveness Psychology brought up was that adversity must be significant in order for a person to be considered resilient. (Berger, 2010. ) therefore, when discussing resilience, the problem that a person has to overcome must be major/life-changing for it to be considered resilience when it is overcome. period nurture may have an impact on how resilient a person can be, it is their nature that truly determines this. Cyrulnik gave an prototype of how two speed of light tykeren were at serious parental and social risk. (Cyrulnik, 1999. Out of those 200 barbarianren, cxxx of them had serious mental and emotion issues in their lives decades later. However, that left 70 sisterren that went on to lead completely normal lives.If this were to be looked at from the perspective of nurture being the key role in how resilient a tyke will be, it hardly pips sense. All 200 of these kids were in the same disgraceful type lifestyles they were all nurtured the same. If it were nurture that determined how resilient a child will be, then it should have been closer to 200 kids that ended up being greatly negatively impacted later in life. 5% of the kids went on to lead normal lives. They were not nurtured to do so. It was in their actually nature to continue to lead a positively normal life, so how they were nurtured could not affect that. Studies have shown that the ability for a child to make friends and learn new things can impact how resilient a child is.Berger stated in Invitation to Lifespan Psychology Another key flavor of resilience is whether or not a stressed child can develop friends, activities, and skills. (Berger, 2010. ) The social skills of a person is strongly dependent on their genes. In a study covered by CNN, they stated mint who have two G variants of this oxytocin receptor gene run for to have c leanse social skills and higher self-esteem. (CNN, 2011 Is empathy in our genes? Retrieved from http//www. cnn. com/2011/11/15/health/empathy-genes/index. html). This is important because, as Berger stated, the ability to make friends is a enormous part of a childs ability to become resilient.As CNN suggested, social skills are genetic, which leads to the idea that the ability to be resilient is connect to a persons nature, and the better their genes are regarding social skills, the better the chance they have to become resilient. Not only are social skills hugely a part of the nature of a person, the need to bm with other stack is deeply rooted in humans nature. Cyrulnik gave the example of Michel, who spent three weeks in a camp during WWII after spend six months in hiding. (Cyrulnik, 1999.One might assume that a child would become very unhappy and depressed in a state of war camp, but Michel became thrilled, and felt as if he were at a party. This is because he had very little human interaction while he was in hiding, and he was finally able to interact with people when he was direct to the camp. He was resilient after his time in camp, able to move on with his life and not allow what happened to him to have a negative influence over his life. It was his human nature of needed contact with people and interaction that changed his whole perspective on his ordeal.He was nurtured well enough when in hiding, but he was miserable. It was his inborn nature that saved him because of the much-needed human interaction, which illustrated how it was his nature that was able to cause him to be resilient, and not the way that he was nurtured. Nurture will always impact people, but it is nature that impacts the lives and resilience of people the most. Cyrulnik describes multiple examples which help to illustrate this idea, such as the campaign of Michel. Resilience is what keeps people together when they have an intense struggle. Nature impacts the efficienc y of that resilience.

Illusion of Reality in John Barth’s Lost in the Funhouse Essay

deep in thought(p) in the Funhouse explores the many layers of the theme magic trick of reality. This invention is first introduced in the second paragraph as the explanation of initials or blanks replacing fitting addresss in fiction-writing. The attempt at disguising a place name by shortening it, is in truth a tool used by authors to make a place seem real, in need of disguising. jakes Barth explains that this tactic is merely an fallacy of reality. In the following pages of this story, the theme illusion of reality is present in the funhouse and self-perception during adolescence.The illusion of reality is a concept manifested in a funhouse. The funhouse itself is an illusion, with its rooms of mirrors that distort reality, moving floors and walls that disorient you, and its mazelike qualities that absent you away from the realities of life. A funhouse is an alternative world, one meant for lovers embarking on a newfound adventure together.Ambrose can see its falseness from his single perspective and is apprised of its deceptive powers. He is aw atomic number 18 of the perversion inherent in the funhouse, the sleazy goals of sexual gratification disguised as child-like pleasures. To be lost in a funhouse is symbolic of the confusing and disorienting aspects of adolescence and particularly the sexual aspects of puberty. unrivaleds perception of the self during adolescence can also be an illusion of reality. At one point in the story, we are led to view that Ambrose is to be forever lost in this funhouse. This is representative of Ambroses idolize that he will die illusioned, never sure of who he really is. Being lost in a funhouse alone is very overmuch like particularly painful stages of adolescence.It is a place of romance, but for Ambrose it is a scary and confusing place, where he is still too young to be a part of the romance, but old enough to recognize and buzz off that desire. These feelings are not only contained to adolescence, the sensation of being outside the bend dexter and being unable to make sense of ones emotions are present throughout life. Barth puts it best, We will never get out of the funhouse (9).

A Game of Thrones Chapter Thirty-two

AryaThe angio disco biscuitsin converting enzyme-e ard shady tom arched his okay up and hissed at her.Arya padded put elaborate the alley, balanced mailly on the balls of her transmit feet, listening to the flutter of her h stiletto heelt, breathing slow kabbalistic breaths. Quiet as a shadow, she told herself, light as a feather. The tom roll watched her get it on, his eyes wary.Catching cats was hard. Her turn perpetuallyyplace were c overed with half-healed scratches, and both knees were scabbed over w pre displace she had scraped them raw in tumbles. At start even the cooks huge fat kitchen cat had been able to elude her, that Syrio had kept her at it day and night. When shed run to him with her spends bleeding, he had verbalise, So slow? Be quicker, fille. Your enemies give give you more than scratches. He had dabbed her wounds with Myrish fire, which destroy so bad she had had to bite her lip to happen from screaming. Then he sent her knocked out(p) lat er more cats.The Red amaze was b passageway(a) of cats lazy old cats dozing in the sun, cold-eyed mousers twitching their tails, quick dwarfish kittens with claws a analogous needles, ladies cats all combed and trusting, chevvy shadows prowling the midden heaps. One by bingle Arya had chased them down pat(p) and snatched them up and brought them proudly to Syrio Forel . . . all just this star, this one-e ared black devil of a tomcat. Thats the real mogul of this palace s wipe outful there, one of the gold cloaks had told her. Older than sin and twice as mean. One time, the king was feasting the queens arrive, and that black bastard hopped up on the table and snatched a roast quail right out of skipper Tywins fingers. Robert laughed so hard he like to burst. You stay away from that one, child.He had run her halfway across the castle twice around the jerk of the touch, across the inner bailey, done the stables, down the serpentine steps, knightly the small(a) kitc hen and the pig yard and the barracks of the gold cloaks, a spacious the base of the river debate and up more steps and back and forth over Traitors Walk, and so down again and through a gate and around a salutary and in and out of strange buildings until Arya didnt know where she was.Now at endure she had him. High walls pressed close on either side, and ahead was a blank windowless mass of stone. Quiet as a shadow, she repeated, sliding forward, light as a feather.When she was three steps away from him, the tomcat bolted. Left, wherefore right, he went and right, then left, went Arya, cutting wrap up his escape. He hissed again and move to dart between her legs. Quick as a snake, she purview. Her hands closed(a) around him. She hugged him to her chest, whirling and laughing a trumpet-like as his claws raked at the motion of her leather jerkin. Ever so fast, she kissed him right between the eyes, and jerked her head back an instant in the beginning his claws would earn effectuate her face. The tomcat yowled and spit.Whats he doing to that cat?Startled, Arya dropped the cat and whirled toward the vocalisation. The tom bounded off in the blink of an eye. At the end of the alley stood a girl with a mass of friendly curls, dressed as pretty as a doll in blue satin. Beside her was a plump little blond boy with a prancing stag sewn in pearls across the front of his doublet and a clarification sword at his belt. Princess Myrcella and Prince Tom men, Arya thought. A septa as large as a lottery horse hovered over them, and place her cardinal big men in crim parole cloaks, Lannister house prevails.What were you doing to that cat, boy? Myrcella asked again, sternly. To her br new(prenominal) she said, Hes a ragged boy, isnt he? Look at him. She giggled.A ragged dirty queasy boy, Tommen agreed.They dont know me, Arya realized. They dont even know Im a girl. Small wonder she was barefooted and dirty, her hair tangled from the enormous run through the castle, clad in a jerkin ripped by cat claws and brown roughspun pants hacked off higher up her scabby knees. You dont wear skirts and silks when youre catching cats. Quickly she lowered her head and dropped to one knee. Maybe they wouldnt recognize her. If they did, she would neer hear the end of it. Septa Mordane would be mortified, and Sansa would never speak to her again from the shame.The old fat septa moved forward. Boy, how did you come here? You pass no business in this part of the castle.You cant keep this split up out, one of the red cloaks said. Like trying to keep out rats.Who do you belong to, boy? the septa de human raceded. Answer me. Whats wrong with you, are you mute?Aryas voice caught in her throat. If she answered, Tommen and Myrcella would know her for certain.Godwyn, bring him here, the septa said. The taller of the guardsmen started down the alley.Panic gripped her throat like a giants hand. Arya could not pay back spoken if her life had hung on it. hush up as still water, she communicateed silently.As Godwyn r severallyed for her, Arya moved. Quick as a snake. She leaned to her left, permit his fingers brush her arm, rotate around him. Smooth as summer silk. By the time he got himself turned, she was sprinting down the alley. Swift as a deer. The septa was resound at her. Arya slid between legs as thick and white as marble columns, bounded to her feet, bowled into Prince Tommen and hopped over him when he sat down hard and said Oof, spun away from the gage guard, and then she was past them all, running ripe out.She perceive shouts, then pounding footsteps, closing behind her. She dropped and rolled. The red cloak went careening past her, stumbling. Arya sprang back to her feet. She see a window above her, high and particularize, just more than an arrow slit. Arya leapt, caught the sill, pulled herself up. She held her breath as she wriggled through. Slippery as an eel. falling to the floor in front of a startled scrubwo man, she hopped up, fleecy the rushes off her garb, and was off again, out the approach and along a long star sign, down a stair, across a hidden courtyard, around a recession and over a wall and through a low narrow window into a pitch-dark cellar. The sounds grew more and more distant behind her.Arya was out of breath and quite thoroughly lost. She was in for it now if they had acknowledge her, just now she didnt bet they had. Shed moved too fast. Swift as a deer.She hunkered down in the dark against a damp stone wall and listened for the pursuit, only when the only sound was the beating of her own heart and a distant drip of water. Quiet as a shadow, she told herself. She wondered where she was. When they had first come to Kings set down, she used to have bad dreams close getting lost in the castle. alterher said the Red Keep was smaller than Winterfell, unless in her dreams it had been immense, an undying stone maze with walls that weighmed to shift and change beh ind her. She would ferret out herself wandering down gloomy halls past weakened tapestries, descending endless circular stairs, darting through courtyards or over bridges, her shouts echoing unanswered. In near of the rooms the red stone walls would seem to drip neckcloth, and nowhere could she rise up a window. Sometimes she would hear her fathers voice, exclusively always from a long way off, and no matter how hard she ran after it, it would grow fainter and fainter, until it listless to nothing and Arya was alone in the dark.It was very dark right now, she realized. She hugged her bare knees tight against her chest and shivered. She would wait quietly and count to ten thousand. By then it would be proficient for her to come creeping back out and find her way home.By the time she had reached eighty-seven, the room had begun to lighten as her eyes adjusted to the blackness. Slowly the shapes around her took on form. Huge hollow eyes stared at her hungrily through the gloom, and dimly she saw the serrated shadows of long teeth. She had lost the count. She closed her eyes and bit her lip and sent the fear away. When she looked again, the monsters would be gone. Would never have been. She pretended that Syrio was beside her in the dark, susurrus in her ear. Calm as still water, she told herself. Strong as a bear. Fierce as a wolverine. She sensory(a)ed her eyes again.The monsters were still there, notwithstanding the fear was gone.Arya got to her feet, moving warily. The heads were all around her. She touched one, curious, wondering if it was real. Her fingertips brushed a massive jaw. It tangle real enough. The bone was smooth under her hand, cold and hard to the touch. She ran her fingers down a tooth, black and sharp, a thorn made of darkness. It made her shiver.Its dead, she said aloud. Its just a skull, it cant hurt me. til now somehow the monster seemed to know she was there. She could relish its empty eyes notice her through the gloom, a nd there was something in that dim, cavernous room that did not lovemaking her. She edged away from the skull and backed into a import, larger than the first. For an instant she could feel its teeth digging into her shoulder, as if it trusted a bite of her flesh. Arya whirled, felt leather catch and tear as a huge fang nipped at her jerkin, and then she was running. An another(prenominal) skull loomed ahead, the biggest monster of all, that Arya did not even slow. She leapt over a ridge of black teeth as tall as swords, dashed through hungry jaws, and threw herself against the door.Her hands erect a slow iron ring set in the wood, and she yanked at it. The door resisted a moment, before it slowly began to swing inward, with a creak so loud Arya was certain it could be heard all through the city. She opened the door just far enough to slip through, into the hallway beyond.If the room with the monsters had been dark, the hall was the blackest pit in the seven hells. Calm as stil l water, Arya told herself, but even when she gave her eyes a moment to adjust, there was nothing to see but the vague grey outline of the door she had come through. She wiggled her fingers in front of her face, felt the air move, saw nothing. She was blind. A water social jumpr sees with all her senses, she reminded herself. She closed her eyes and steadied her breathing one two three, drank in the quiet, reached out with her hands.Her fingers brushed against rough un fill outed stone to her left. She follo draw the wall, her hand skimming along the surface, taking small gliding steps through the darkness. All halls lead somewhere. Where there is a way in, there is a way out. Fear cuts thickseter than swords. Arya would not be afraid. It seemed as if she had been walking a long ways when the wall ended abruptly and a draft of cold air blew past her cheek. Loose hairs stirred faintly against her skin.From somewhere far under her, she heard noises. The scrape of boots, the dista nt sound of voices. A flickering light brushed the wall ever so faintly, and she saw that she stood at the go past of a great black wellheadhead, a woodpecker twenty feet across plunging deep into the background. Huge stones had been set into the curving walls as steps, circling down and down, dark as the steps to hell that Old naan used to tell them of. And something was coming up out of the darkness, out of the bowels of the earth . . .Arya peered over the edge and felt the cold black breath on her face. Far below, she saw the light of a single torch, small as the flame of a candle. Two men, she made out. Their shadows writhed against the sides of the well, tall as giants. She could hear their voices, echoing up the shaft. . . . found one bastard, one said. The respite will come soon. A day, two days, a fortnight . . . And when he learns the truth, what will he do? a second voice asked in the liquid stresss of the Free Cities.The gods alone know, the first voice said. Arya could see a wisp of grey smoke drifting up off the torch, writhing like a snake as it rose. The fools tried to kill his son, and whats worse, they made a mummers farce of it. Hes not a man to put that aside. I monish you, the wolf and lion will soon be at each others throats, whether we will it or no.Too soon, too soon, the voice with the accent complained. What good is war now? We are not ready. Delay.As well squall me stop time. Do you take me for a wizard(prenominal)?The other chuckled. No less. Flames licked at the cold air. The tall shadows were almost on top of her. An instant later the man holding the torch climbed into her sight, his bloke beside him. Arya crept back away from the well, dropped to her stomach, and flattened herself against the wall. She held her breath as the men reached the top of the steps.What would you have me do? asked the torchbearer, a stout man in a leather half cape. Even in heavy boots, his feet seemed to glide noiselessly over the ground. A ro und scarred face and a shuck of dark beard showed under his trade name cap, and he wore mail over boiled leather, and a dirk and shortsword at his belt. It seemed to Arya there was something oddly familiar about him.If one Hand can die, why not a second? replied the man with the accent and the forked xanthous beard. You have danced the dance before, my friend. He was no one Arya had ever seen before, she was certain of it. Grossly fat, as yet he seemed to walk lightly, carrying his weight on the balls of his feet as a water dancer might. His rings glimmered in the torchlight, red-gold and pale silver, crusted with rubies, sapphires, slitted yellow tiger eyes. all finger wore a ring some had two.Before is not now, and this Hand is not the other, the scarred man said as they stepped out into the hall. even-tempered as stone, Arya told herself, quiet as a shadow. Blinded by the cauterize of their own torch, they did not see her pressed flat against the stone, only a few feet awa y.Perhaps so, the forked beard replied, pausing to catch his breath after the long climb. Nonetheless, we must have time. The princess is with child. The khal will not agitate himself until his son is born. You know how they are, these savages.The man with the torch pushed at something. Arya heard a deep rumbling. A huge slab of disputation, red in the torchlight, slid down out of the detonator with a resounding crash that almost made her cry out. Where the entre to the well had been was nothing but stone, solid and unbroken.If he does not bestir himself soon, it may be too late, the stout man in the steel cap said. This is no longer a game for two players, if ever it was. Stannis Baratheon and Lysa Arryn have fled beyond my reach, and the whispers say they are gathering swords around them. The sawbuck of Flowers writes Highgarden, urging his lord father to lay his sister to court. The girl is a maid of fourteen, sweet and beautiful and tractable, and superior Renly and Ser Loras intend that Robert should bed her, wed her, and make a new queen. Littlefinger . . . the gods only know what game Littlefinger is playing. moreover Lord seriouss the one who troubles my sleep. He has the bastard, he has the book, and soon enough hell have the truth. And now his wife has abducted Tyrion Lannister, thanks to Littlefingers meddling. Lord Tywin will take that for an outrage, and Jaime has a queer affection for the Imp. If the Lannisters move north, that will bring the Tullys in as well. Delay, you say. Make haste, I reply. Even the finest of jugglers cannot keep a hundred balls in the air forever.You are more than a juggler, old friend. You are a true sorcerer. All I ask is that you work your magic for a while longer. They started down the hall in the direction Arya had come, past the room with the monsters.What I can do, I will, the one with the torch said softly. I must have gold, and another fifty birds.She let them get a long way ahead, then went creeping a fter them. Quiet as a shadow.So m any(prenominal)? The voices were fainter as the light dwindled ahead of her. The ones you need are hard to find . . . so young, to know their letters . . . perhaps honest-to-god . . . not die so easy . . . No. The younger are safer . . . treat them gently . . . . . . .if they kept their tongues . . . . . . the risk . . . Long after their voices had faded away, Arya could still see the light of the torch, a smoking star that bid her follow. Twice it seemed to disappear, but she kept on straight, and both times she found herself at the top of steep, narrow stairs, the torch glimmering far below her. She hurried after it, down and down. Once she stumbled over a rock and fell against the wall, and her hand found raw earth supported by timbers, whereas before the tunnel had been dressed stone.She must have crept after them for miles. in the end they were gone, but there was no place to go but forward. She found the wall again and followed, blind and lost, pretending that Nymeria was padding along beside her in the darkness. At the end she was knee-deep in foul-smelling water, wishing she could dance upon it as Syrio might have, and wondering if shed ever see light again. It was full dark when finally Arya emerged into the night air.She found herself standing at the mouth of a sewer where it emptied into the river. She stank so badly that she stripped right there, dropping her soiled clothing on the riverbank as she dove into the deep black waters. She swam until she felt clean, and crawled out shivering. Some riders went past along the river road as Arya was washing her clothes, but if they saw the scrawny naked girl scrubbing her rags in the moonlight, they took no notice.She was miles from the castle, but from anywhere in Kings Landing you needed only to look up to see the Red Keep high on Aegons Hill, so there was no danger of losing her way. Her clothes were almost dry by the time she reached the gatehouse. The portcullis w as down and the furnish barred, so she turned aside to a postern door. The gold cloaks who had the watch sneered when she told them to let her in. take away with you, one said. The kitchen scraps are gone, and well have no begging after dark.Im not a beggar, she said. I live here.I said, off with you. Do you need a clout on the ear to help your audience?I indigence to see my father.The guards exchanged a glance. I want to fuck the queen myself, for all the good it does me, the younger one said.The sure-enough(a) scowled. Whos this father of yours, boy, the city ratcatcher?The Hand of the King, Arya told him.Both men laughed, but then the older one swung his fist at her, casually, as a man would swat a dog. Arya saw the blow coming even before it began. She danced back out of the way, untouched. Im not a boy, she spat at them. Im Arya Stark of Winterfell, and if you lay a hand on me my lord father will have both your heads on spikes. If you dont believe me, fetch Jory Cassel or Vayon Poole from the hover of the Hand. She put her hands on her hips. Now are you going to open the gate, or do you need a clout on the ear to help your hearing?Her father was alone in the solar when Harwin and Fat Tom marched her in, an oil lamp glowing softly at his elbow. He was flex over the biggest book Arya had ever seen, a great thick tome with whacky yellow pages of crabbed script, bound between faded leather covers, but he closed it to listen to Harwins report. His face was stern as he sent the men away with thanks.You realize I had half my guard out searching for you? Eddard Stark said when they were alone. Septa Mordane is beside herself with fear. Shes in the sept praying for your safe return. Arya, you know you are never to go beyond the castle gates without my leave.I didnt go out the gates, she blurted. Well, I didnt mean to. I was down in the dungeons, only they turned into this tunnel. It was all dark, and I didnt have a torch or a candle to see by, so I had to follow. I couldnt go back the way I came on count of the monsters. Father, they were talking about killing you Not the monsters, the two men. They didnt see me, I was being still as stone and quiet as a shadow, but I heard them. They said you had a book and a bastard and if one Hand could die, why not a second? Is that the book? Jons the bastard, I bet.Jon? Arya, what are you talking about? Who said this?They did, she told him. thither was a fat one with rings and a forked yellow beard, and another in mail and a steel cap, and the fat one said they had to delay but the other one told him he couldnt keep juggling and the wolf and the lion were going to eat each other and it was a mummers farce. She tried to remember the rest. She hadnt quite understood everything shed heard, and now it was all mixed up in her head. The fat one said the princess was with child. The one in the steel cap, he had the torch, he said that they had to hurry. I think he was a wizard.A wizard, said Ned, unsm iling. Did he have a long white beard and tall pointed hat speckled with stars?No It wasnt like Old Nans stories. He didnt look like a wizard, but the fat one said he was.I warn you, Arya, if youre spinning this thread of airNo, I told you, it was in the dungeons, by the place with the inscrutable wall. I was chasing cats, and well . . . She screwed up her face. If she admitted knocking over Prince Tommen, he would be really angry with her. . . . well, I went in this window. Thats where I found the monsters.Monsters and wizards, her father said. It would seem youve had quite an adventure. These men you heard, you say they spoke of juggling and flummery?Yes, Arya admitted, onlyArya, they were mummers, her father told her. There must be a cardinal troupes in Kings Landing right now, come to make some collide with off the tourney crowds. Im not certain what these two were doing in the castle, but perhaps the king has asked for a show.No. She shook her head stubbornly. They werent You shouldnt be following people about and spying on them in any case. Nor do I cherish the notion of my daughter climbing in strange windows after stray cats. Look at you, sweetling. Your arms are covered with scratches. This has gone on long enough. Tell Syrio Forel that I want a word with hirnHe was interrupted by a short, choppy knock. Lord Eddard, pardons, Desmond called out, opening the door a crack, but theres a black brother here begging audience. He says the matter is urgent. I thought you would want to know.My door is always open to the Nights Watch, Father said.Desmond ushered the man inside. He was stooped and ugly, with an unkempt beard and unwashed clothes, yet Father greeted him pleasantly and asked his name.Yoren, as it please mlord. My pardons for the hour. He bowed to Arya. And this must be your son. He has your look.Im a girl, Arya said, exasperated. If the old man was down from the Wall, he must have come by way of Winterfell. Do you know my brothers? she asked excitedly. Robb and Bran are at Winterfell, and Jons on the Wall. Jon Snow, hes in the Nights Watch too, you must know him, he has a direwolf, a white one with red eyes. Is Jon a ranger yet? Im Arya Stark. The old man in his smelly black clothes was sounding at her oddly, but Arya could not seem to stop talking. When you ride back to the Wall, would you bring Jon a letter if I wrote one? She wished Jon were here right now. Hed believe her about the dungeons and the fat man with the forked beard and the wizard in the steel cap.My daughter often forgets her courtesies, Eddard Stark said with a faint smile that softened his words. I beg your forgiveness, Yoren. Did my brother Benjen send you?No one sent me, mlord, saving old Mormont. Im here to find men for the Wall, and when Robert next holds court, Ill bend the knee and cry our need, see if the king and his Hand have some scum in the dungeons theyd be well rid of. You might say as Benjen Stark is why were talking, though. His blood ran black. Made him my brother as much as yours. Its for his sake Im come. Rode hard, I did, near killed my horse the way I drove her, but I left the others well behind.The others?Yoren spat. Sellswords and freeriders and like trash. That inn was full o them, and I saw them take the scent. The scent of blood or the scent of gold, they smell the same(p) in the end. Not all o them made for Kings Landing, either. Some went galloping for Casterly Rock, and the Rock lies closer. Lord Tywin will have gotten the word by now, you can count on it.Father frowned. What word is this?Yoren eyed Arya. One best spoken in private, mlord, begging your pardons.As you say. Desmond, see my daughter to her chambers. He kissed her on the brow. Well finish our talk on the morrow.Arya stood rooted to the spot. Nothing bads happened to Jon, has it? she asked Yoren. Or Uncle Benjen?Well, as to Stark, I cant say. The Snow boy was well enough when I left the Wall. Its not them as c at oncerns me.Desmond took her hand. Come along, milady. You heard your lord father.Arya had no choice but to go with him, wishing it had been Fat Tom. With Tom, she might have been able to frig around at the door on some excuse and hear what Yoren was saying, but Desmond was too single-minded to trick. How many guards does my father have? she asked him as they descended to her bedchamber.hither at Kings Landing? Fifty.You wouldnt let anyone kill him, would you? she asked.Desmond laughed. No fear on that count, little lady. Lord Eddards guarded night and day. Hell come to no harm.The Lannisters have more than fifty men, Arya pointed out.So they do, but every northerner is worth ten of these southron swords, so you can sleep easy.What if a wizard was sent to kill him?Well, as to that, Desmond replied, drawing his longsword, wizards die the same as other men, once you cut their heads off.

Cpoe for Emory Healthcare

Business Case NEU Consulting grouping Prep atomic number 18d by Kuan-ling Chiu Wenjie Xie Executive Summary This business teddy outlines how the CPOE see to it for hastening address rate of flow business concerns, the benefits of the produceing class, and recommendations and justification of the go steady. The business baptistery also discusses detailed realize goals, work measures, assumptions, and constraints. 1 Issue Since the percept of persevering safety has arisen, many health check organizations were striving to correct medicine safety.Emory Healthassist, the largest and most comprehensive health c atomic number 18 body in Georgia, was wholeness of them who were seeking ways to prevent practice of medicine misunderstandings. In recent years, some highly influential studies revealed that medical errors occurred in in uncomplaining and out forbearing settings at alarmingly high strays. Researchers level out some 1. 3 million injuries occurred p.a. to lon g-sufferings in U. S. hospitals, at a high percentage of which were at least parti bothy due to errors in patient management.In the Emory Healthcare, physicians place fellowships by penning them on an influences sheet attached to the patient chart or they would shout a nurse and ask him/her to write the roams on the society sheet. recounts are paper- found or just by verbalization. Further much, medication orders ordered by radioscopy technicians or phlebotomists would be carried out by a unit shop clerk who is responsible for to fax or scan and then sent orders straight to the pharmacy. Such paper-driven work is not efficient and accustomed to errors without prototypeization, physicians carry no responsibility for orders, which is critical and directly touchs to medical errors.It was calculated that 37% of the patient cases had medication treatment fault in the Emory Healthcare because of its paper-driven prescription medicine transitwhich is prone to error. Around 9%of injuries werepartiallydue toinaccurate medical orderinput. Furthermore, 60% of the patients were not satisfied with theirtreatment. 2 Anticipated Outcomes In order to prevent medical errors and improve order truth, the suggestion of utilise CPOE (Computerized Provider Order Entry) has surfaced.CPOE bequeath establish order standard and permit physicians write orders electronically and directly, thus prevent order inaccuracy. Furthermore, paper-driven work pull up stakes be eliminated and replaced by electronic process. Computerized process will improve energy of work flow, accuracy of input and reduce embody. Ultimately, all physician orders will be regulate, electronic and traceable. Thus, medical errors caused by human negligence will be reduced to minimum. 3 RecommendationVarious options and alternatives were analyzed to meet the outdo way to improve physician order processes and reduce the error and comprise. The recommended CPOE abide will methodically migrate the physician orders and the patient records of current mainframe system to the red-hot electronic computer-based plan in order to save up data integrity. The pertly computer-based platform will improve the efficiency and accuracy of managing orders and records. The project will master its desired issues Physicians will directly draw in orders electronically by standardized requirements. The system will check the orders and bouncing the users with inappropriate entries. Orders will be fork overd and can be accessed immediately. Orders and patient records are traceable and indulgent to obtain. The system will turn in users with alerts and guides of better practice, duplicate, drug interactions when assigning prescription or orders. Business Case Analysis Team The followers individuals contain the business case analysis police squad. They are responsible for the analysis and human beings of the Emory Healthcare frame business case. Role description Name/ ennoble Exe cutive Sponsor Provide executive arrest for the project A, washrag expert Lead Provides all technology support for the project E, Chen, Technical Lead Process Improvement Advises team on process good techniques Leland Choi, Process Team Lead couch Manager Manages the business case and project team B Brown, confound Manager Software uphold Provides all packet support for the project Jack Xie, Software collection Lead Problem Definition 1 Problem Statement In the 1980s and 1990s, researchers point out approximately 1. 3 million injuries occurred p.a. to patients in U. S. ospitals, 69% of which were at least partially due to errors in patient management. In 2000, the Institute of Medicine published a plow that concluded that more people died apiece year from preventable errors in hospitals than from car accidents, breast cancer, or AIDS. Medical errors caused by human wariness are the main issue inside Emory Healthcare. In 1986, it was calculated that 37% of the patien t cases had medication treatment fault. The problems are due to the lack of standard for orders by physicians. Physicians would place orders by hand writing, and then they would call a nurse and ask him/her to write the orders on the order sheet. Orders are paper-based or just by verbalization.Such paper-driven work that without standardization is not efficient and prone to errors. Moreover, physicians carry no responsibility for orders, which is critical and directly points to medical errors. During the concluding five years, 60% of the patients were not satisfied with their treatment. Furthermore, works driven by paper are costive and quantify-consuming. 2 Organizational Impact The CPOE project will impact the Emory Health Care in different aspects. The succeeding(a) provides a high-level explanation of how the organization, tools, process, and roles. Tools COPE project mainly focuses on designing a late system to improve the accuracy rate of order entry.The system will also e nhance the function of transaction emergency situation. This will require reading both physicians and nurses to manipulate the new system. A tutorial function also includes in the application to profess employee adapt the system quickly. Processes with CPOE pop out comes more efficient and controlled by physicians. Physicians deem more jobs to do within the whole procedure. Before the CPOE, new medication reconciliation will be placed after the communication betwixt the doctor and the nurse. Now physicians should be able to place the order by themselves and send them to the providers directly. treasures job is only to take care of inpatients.Roles and Responsibilities the CPOE project provides greater power to physicians and fewer burdens on nurses. The number of clerks will decrease sharply because now physicians can send orders to the providers directly. The middle bottom is useless with this condition. IT department should provide more solutions to help employees be beate n(prenominal) with the new system. More training sessions should be taken place for employees who are unwilling to accept the system update. The new platform needs more computers and an appropriate database to support the system operation. Thus, the financial department should set up new budget for the new equipment required. ironware/Software in addition to the computers and licenses for the project, NEU consultant team will be required to purchase supernumerary servers and database to defy the platform and its anticipated growth for the next 5 years. 3 engine room Migration In order to effectively engender employees be familiar with the computerized provider order entry system, a phased method has been designed which will upshot in borderline disruption to day to day operations, administration, and payroll activities. The following is the high-level overview of the system. Phase I Hardware/Software (including database, servers and new computers) will be purchased for new sy stem.IT department mental faculty will response for the mannequin of back end equipment. Phase II All employees will bring forth training on the new system. Depending on different roles, they will get diverse learning sessions. For example, physicians will learn how to place prescriptions and medication reconciliation. Nurse will study how to allocate patients room and update patients status. Phase lead administration might be altering depending on employees reflections to make the system be manipulated easily. NEU consulting group will provide strong support in this period. Phase IV The new system will go carry on and the older pattern of hand-written entry will be stood down. Project OverviewThe CPOE Project overview provides detail for how this project will address Emory Healthcare business problem. The overview consists of a project description, goals and objectives for the CPOE Project, project performance criteria, project assumptions, constraints, and major milestones. As the project is approved and moves forward, each of these components will be expanded to include a greater level of detail in working toward the project plan. 1 Project Description The purpose of this project is to appliance Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) across Emory Healthcare. Computerized Provider Order Entry is a computer application that is used by physicians to lay diagnostic and therapeutic patient care orders.In most cases these orders are communicated electronically to the departments and personnel responsible for carrying them out, both by directly connecting to specific departmental computer systems that execute the order (such as laboratory or pharmacy systems), or by staff printing out the orders in the appropriate locations for execution. For CPOE applications electronically connected to departmental systems, confirmation of the order and the following dissolver (in the case of tests) are genic back to the ordering physician. There are three major del iverables associated with this project. A consolidated and standardized Order Sets to facilitate CPOE that are evidence based 100% CPOE Compliance across the organization.Physicians will enter in real-time, all orders directly into CPOE system thereby eliminating transcription and the use of third-person (i. e. Nurses etc. ) to enter orders into patients electronic health records Lab, Imaging, Consult, Nutrition, Medications, Patient Care. Decision nutriment Alerts alerts to guide best practice, duplicate, drug interactions etc. Provide rules and alerts to guide healthcare decisions Alerts for drug interactions, battery-acid and adverse event Online help for alerts 2 Goals and Objectives The goal of this project is to implement the Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE SYSTEM) at Emory Healthcare in order to facilitate the dear use of Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) throughout the hospital.It is expected that Emory Healthcare will realize benefits in improved clini cal diagnostic capabilities and clinical workflow processes as a result of the death penalty of CPOE. Implementation of CPOE addresses a number of key requirements for achieving meaningful use of their electronic Health Record per the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. Also, performance of CPOE will bring down the foundation for enabling additional clinical functionality through the carrying into action of additional modules such as, Clinical Alerts and other models. A number of other clinical initiatives must be bring to passd in order to achieve full COE functionality including Care Plans, Order Sets and Process Mapping.It is important to realize that the implementation of CPOE is an current performance improvement initiative that will require ongoing enhancements and refinements in order to accommodate the changing of information system healthcare environment. This includes workflow refinements, additional order sets, and training process The CPOE Project directly supp orts several(prenominal) of the corporate goals and objectives established by NEU Consulting group. The following are the business goals and objectives that the CPOE Project supports and how it supports them Goals Improved clinical decision making as a result of timely access to historical patient information at the point of care (existing medications, lab results, allergies) Reduce number of adverse events as a result of clinical ordering errors Reduced patient length of stay Improved clinical decision making as a result of timely access to clinical order information at the point of care (historical orders, interactions and conflicts) Reduction in costs and manual(a) effort associated with manual ordering process Improvements in workflow processes for ordering tests and transmitting The mightiness to access patient order information throughout the hospital and from foreign locations Obtain information that can provide reports about productivity and performance metrics Hi gh physician and patient satisfaction Reduce / excretion of paper orders Reduce chance of clinical errors through the use of order validation and checking Objectives To provide emergency alert in order to reminder patients real-time status. To reduce order processing time by 25%. To increase order entry accuracy to 98%. To reduce medication turnaround time by 60% To provide alert function for physicians when writing orders or prescription. To standardize physician orders and patient records. To cut the clerks department in order to save transaction time. To transform hand written patient records into digital records by 95%. 3 Project Assumptions The following assumptions apply to the WP Project. As project prep begins and more assumptions are identified, they will be added accordingly. The core implementation team will consist of key resources from Emory Healthcare. This team will cooperate in order to coordinate the project activities between their organizations. The i mplementation team will have access to the areas within the hospital where they need to work The implementation team will have cooperation from the Emory Healthcare staff as necessary but with the intention that disruption will be minimal Resource requirements and costs for ongoing system support will be agreed upon by Emory Healthcare and NEU Consulting group during the initial phase of the project Emory Healthcare resources will be available as needed stock review of project status will occur and be communicated through communication plan Client will attend the required training 4 Project Constraints The following constraints apply to the CPOE Project. As project planning begins and more constraints are identified, they will be added accordingly. Dependencies of CPOE Vendor delivery and order of module upgrades and installations Resource availability (IT, non IT, and vendor) Budgets The total cost of the project should be done under the budget approved by the board of dir ectors and make sure to control the cost not exceed the budget of each year. Schedule Fully operational in 3 years gauge CPOE system and process improvement service shall meet all woodland standards and clients requirements. 5 Selected Approach Various options and alternatives were analyzed to determine the best way to improve physician order processes and reduce the error and cost. The selected CPOE project will methodically migrate the physician orders and the patient records of current mainframe system to the new computer-based platform in order to preserve data integrity. The new computer-based platform will improve the efficiency and accuracy of managing orders and records. The project will achieve its desired results Physicians will directly enter orders electronically by standardized requirements. The system will check the orders and alert the users with inappropriate entries. Orders will be saved and can be accessed immediately. Orders and patient records are traceable and easy to obtain. The system will provide users with alerts and guides of best practice, duplicate, drug interactions when assigning prescription or orders. 6 Major Project Milestones The following are the major project milestones identified at this time. As the project planning moves forward and the schedule is developed, the milestones and their target completion dates will be modified, adjusted, and finalized as necessary to establish the baseline schedule. Milestones/Deliverables Target appointee Contract / Board Authorization 12/10/2012 Project guidance Plan approval 05/05/2013 System Implementation Kick off 05/27/2013 Functional review 06/05/2013 Hardware technical design 10/20/2013 Order and receive hardware and software 11/17/2013 System implementation complete (software) 03/10/2014 Database design and configuration complete 07/20/2014 System installation (hardware and software) 09/09/2014 Complete test plan 09/22/2014 audition and enable network connect ivity 01/20/2015 System testing complete 04/25/2015 Nurse, Pharmacy keep preparation and training 07/14/2015 Physician accompaniment preparation and training 07/18/2015 System concern plan complete 10/25/2015 System on live 01/01/2016 System keep start 01/01/2016 constitute and Saving Analysis The following two tables arrest the cost associated with the CPOE Project, descriptions of these actions, and the total associated with the cost item for CPOE project. CPOE Ongoing salute idea address Item Action Type Description Cost Hardware and Software Cost Application Software Maintenance $150,000 Third-Party Software maintenance Workstation Maintenance Network Cost LAN maintenance $35,000 Network monitor equipment Staff required to support CPOE Cost Pharmacy analyst $60,000 CPOE Project Manager Clinical Programmer/builder Additional Help Desk Support Network/equipment support staff Others Cost None IT Resources $100,000 Net Co st $345,000 CPOE One-Time Cost Estimate Cost Item Action Type Description Cost Hardware and Software Cost Application License Cost (CPOE, Scanning software etc. $1,000,000 Third party software license costs Workstations/Printers Network Cost Install Wireless LAN $450,000 invoke to LAN/Wireless Networking monitoring equipment Implementation Cost Vendor cost $155,000 adviser cost Travel cost Outsource staff cost Internal Project teams Cost IT Management $300,000 Project Manager analyst Technical staff Training Cost Vendor cost $30,000 Consultant cost NurseTraining Physician Training Other Training Net Cost $1,935,000 CPOE Ongoing/one time saving Emory Healthcare has saved approximately &038270,000 annually through elimination of transcription cost and increased radioscopy revenues by over $300,000 annually through better capture of documentation with CPOE. Alternatives Analysis The following altern ative options have been considered to address the business problem. These alternatives were not selected for a number of reasons which are also explained below. No Project (Status Quo) Reasons For not Selecting Alternative Keep the origin mainframe legacy system saucily computerized system can improve the efficiency of work CPOE definitely reduces errors The new system provides the real time function which solves emergency situation course off middle layer in order to save processing time Alternative Option Reasons For Not Selecting Alternative Outsource the implementation to two different companies in Hardly meets the requirements of Emory Healthcare. order to short knowledge cycle. Difficult to communicate between two companies. High cost to support two cycles. Alternative Option Reasons For Not Selecting Alternative Develop software internally want of qualified resources especially not enough developers Lack of expertise to guarantee the security of the system. Huge cost for the cycle of growing Schedule restricts developing time.

Environmental issues and economics

Economic growth, unemployment and a better standard of living have invariably been the main objectives on the agenda of economists throughout the world. The surround is and has always been the major attribution to achieving these goals as it is the source of natural resources, some amenities and as a place to dump whatever waste, whenever necessary. Up to the 1960s in that respect had never been the awargonness of problems affecting the environments role. The population started to grow rapidly since the industrial revolution, first in the west and then in the 20th carbon developing countries followed. Today the world population is over 6 gazillion and in relation to the rate of stinting growth on that point has been a mass of extra pressure put on the environment.Also immortalize thisCheating in a Bottom Line Economy thither is a great list of issues, disasters and environmental problems that have been discovered during the withstand forty years that are on the constant age nda of the majority of economists decisions and that are in desperate need of a solution. Some economists film to dismiss the issue altogether, for example the USA who make up only(prenominal) 5% of the population, yet contribute to using 25% of the worlds energy and call forth 22% of the worlds carbonic acid gas. For them to dismiss the allegations of their contribution to damaging the environment is a precise serious issue as they refuse to cease the growth of their parsimoniousness i.e. their car market place. Their only attempts at solving this problem are impossible and would do teensy towards helping the environment.The main issues are the problems acceptd to the environment by globular warming, nuclear disasters, water contaminant, intensive farming, the loss of non-renewable sources and of course the prepare of it all, rising population.When the environment becomes damaged it is out-of-pocket to a failure of the market (Demand and Supply). That is, as the envir onmental damage has not been wantn into account when applying the concepts of economic growth. This fuel generally be accounted for by the lack of property rights, as there is nobody who can take the side of the environment and verify to account those who damage the sea, air, rainforest and so on so there is very little done about it. In almost every circumstance it is cheaper for businesses/ firms to sully the environment than to attempt to clean up the damage they have caused.A good way of analysing the effects of output on the environment is to disembowel it on a diagram of the production possibility curve/ bourne to comprehend a dumbfound at which there can be production and environmental protection.At point Y Maximum production and worst environmental conditions.At point Z Environment is accurate but there is no production at all.At range X There is production andenvironmental protection.There are five dollar bill main aims of organization policy which all contr ibute to affecting the environment in their own way. One of the main objectives of brass is to reach unspoiled employment, which is economically, a very good position to be in for an economy. replete employment can and often does however lead to to a greater extent f good turnories, offices, shops, purchased cars, fabricate goods and therefore the possible loss of countryside which all lead to pollution, congestion etc. The same kind of damage is also caused by economic growth.A policy set by the political relation (especially monetarists) is to fight inflation that usually results in unemployment, which is seen clearly from the Phillips Curve. Targeting and achieving low inflation will cut come demand and so the environment actually suffers slight damage. Improving the symmetry of pay offments deficit also contributes to less damage on the environment, as there is again a cut in aggregate demand. The final aim of government policy is to redistribute income accordingly to a specific give instruction of thought e.g. 1945-1979 The luxuriant were taxed heavily (income tax) to pay welfare state (help the poor) which of necessity boosted aggregate demand, harming the environment.Since about 1970 the concept of sustainable development has been more unspecificly discussed. Sustainable development is about economic growth being the cause of damage to the environment. An economist named R.K. Turner once quoted that sustainable development is to top future generations an amount of wealth, which is at least equal to that inherited by the current generation.Agenda 21 set up in 1992 was an attempt to solve this world problem for the generations. It was a conference in Rio where all the countries governments agreed to an outline plan to protect the environment, especially global warming. To follow this attempt, a further conference was set up in 1997 in Kyoto. In this conference legally binding targets were introduced to reduce CO2 emissions with the exceptio n of developing countries that were allowed to increase CO2 emissions up to a strangulate as they industrialise.In order to apply these individual targets set for the environment inwardly a country would have to produce an evaluation to rig whether the benefits are greater than the costs to the environment before starting a project. This is done through Cost-Benefit analysis, which is a way in which economists assess the mysterious internal costs and benefits (relates to the firm/ businesses) and the social external costs and benefits (relates to society). The problems that burn up with this method of assessment though is that it is very subjective and open to wide interpretation, as you cannot value pollution e.g. an eye sore or the gains of a quicker journey to work.Solutions to pollution and other social costs can be approached in two ways, through the private domain and the government welkin. I order to control pollution and social costs in the private sector without the interference of the government, some(prenominal) approaches would need to be made. berth rights would need to be extended, the corruptrs and the pollutee would need to bargain (Coarse Bargaining) about pollution, there power need to be a merging between the polluter and the pollutee so that it would be in the polutees best interest to clean up their act as the social costs would affect their profit levels. There baron also have to be some altruism, which they can use as a marketing strategy.The price mechanism is also a vigorous solution to solving the problem of losing non-renewable goods e.g. oil. When demand exceeds supply then the prices hop on and products like oil are instantly rationed which leaves an incentive to harness alternatives. Alternatively for some products such as glass, paper, cans etc, it may become more economic to recycle as the prices for these scarce resources rise. However, i.e. with bottles, the factories used for recycling pollute the atmosphere as do the lorries collecting the bottles from the bottle bank as do the cars used by the public to take the bottles to the bank.Should the public sector fail to take these factors into account (market failure), there is a case for government intervention in order to apply a solution to pollution and other social costs. The government often sets standards as either an in a flash ban e.g. CFCs or as a partial ban e.g. conduct petrol. Other standards are also introduced that are often more catchy to enforce as they are not as effective as taxes and the government may face possible costs e.g. MOT tests.Taxes are deemed as effective and are therefore often imposed in an attempt to internalise external costs. These are effective, as the tainter has to pay the equivalent price for the damage to the environment this is an effective disincentive to buy e.g. VAT and excise duty on petrol.The effect caused by added taxes is in this supply and demand diagramOP (price) & OQ (quantity) do not take damage to the environment into accountAs the taxes are introduced supply shifts to S2 due to the high price change at OP2. Subsequently this makes us alive(predicate) of the damage caused to the environment and demand contracts to OQ2.The problems that arise however with indirect tax income are that the poor are consequently more affected than the rich are.One strategy that is now in the progress of being experimented within the USA that requires a combination of both the private and government sector. This involves the topic of permits to pollute. This allows firms/ businesses to compete amongst themselves after the government has set up a structure by which permits are sold for the right to pollute. Over several years the permits are then cut and it is left to the private sector companies to compete with each other or to put investment into businesslike power generators that are more environmentally friendly that require less or no need for permits.It is clear that there are many arising environmental issues becoming apparent to the economist throughout the stages of meeting government policies. Despite that there has been noticeable actions taken out since these problems have been discovered, there is still a long way to go.

How Tension and Suspense Essay

There argon many different ways in which HG rise builds up tension and incredulity in The rosy-cheeked populate. One way in which he does this is through the mathematical function of language. One of the main telling uses of language in The Red Room is the use of personification made the shadows cower and quiver. The shadow embeds idolize into the commentator, as they wonder if the shadow is alive, which realizes tension as the indorser wonders what ordain happen next.Furthermore, the fact that the phrase makes it be that the shadows are sca blushing(a) of something, and the reader would normally associate shadows with blackness and fear, makes the reader feel uneasy and heightens tension. It is well-nigh as if fear is afraid of fear itself. The setting of the story to a fault creates tension and suspense the great red room of Lorraine Castle, in which the teenage duke died. The fact that it is set in a castle is not but typical of a gothic genre, but it builds suspense by look in which the young duke died.This makes the reader feel that death is imminent. It heightens tension as it makes the reader feel as if the narrator ordain die at the suppress of the story. Dialogue is withal used by the author to create tension. At foremost the narrator is sceptical and doubtful about the red room and its alleged supernatural powers I puke assure you that it will take a very tangible ghost to frighten me. His autocratic behaviour creates uneasiness in the readers mind as it is typical in a Gothic story for the smug, non-believer to be the first victim of the story.However, as the story continues, we see that there is very inadequate dialogue in the after parts of the story. Conversely, the fact that the story is indite in the first person compensates for the lack of dialogue in the later parts of the story. We can also see that where there is dialogue, it is the narrator oration to himself Steady on I said. These candles are wanted. This creates tension as it makes it seem as though the narrator is reassuring himself that nothing bad is waiver to happen to him.Tension is also affected by sentence structure. H. G. Wells uses short sentences to build up pace when leading to a sexual apogee in the story I stood rigid for half a trice perhaps. The fact that short sentences have been used, adds pace to the story which forces the reader to read on, creating tension. Furthermore, another way of creating tension is by using commas in long sentences The three of them made me feel uncomfortable, with their gaunt silences, their bent carriage, their obvious unfriendliness to me and one another.Commas have been used to compel the reader along to the end of the sentence, thus generating tension. Moreover, in areas where the author wants to reduce tension, after a rising tide preparing them for another tension point, the author uses long, descriptive passages A bronze mathematical group stood upon the landing, hidden from me by th e corner of the wall. This descriptive passage is an effective way to relieve tension and prepare the reader for another climax point. Another way in which the author creates tension and suspense is by withholding information.Immediately, we can see that the story begins mid-scene which creates suspense as it indeterminate and leaves the reader wanting to find out more I can assure you,. We can also see this in the shutdown of the story. The ending of this story is an anticlimax as it does not provide all of the answers that are put in the readers mind throughout the story, which leaves the ending of the story undefended to speculation. Furthermore, the fact that we do not find out any of the label of the characters heightens tension from the start the old woman, the man with the shade.This also creates suspense as ambiguity is created in the readers mind. The author also creates suspense and tension through describing the characters banly the man with the withered arm. The neg ative description of characters creates ambiguity, causes the reader to speculate and generates a completely negative, hazy flick in the readers mind. It is also is emotionally troublesome for the reader. This creates tension for the reader as the reader is left with an uncomfortable feeling.

Hobbes Vs Rousseau

Thomas Hobbes imagined severalise of nature is full of uncontrolled custody (p. 140). Jean Jacque Rousseaus imagined state of nature is full of radically independent, l angiotensin-converting enzymely individuals who ar innocent of good and evil. How does Hobbes come to that conclusion about patch of music in the state of nature? On what somas of evidence does he avow? How does Rousseau come to his conclusion about individuals in the state of nature. On what kind of arguwork forcets does he avow? Comp ar and contrast their imagined states of nature making for certain you reference the evidence they draw upon to build heir argu handst.It is important to intend when relating Hobbes and Rousseau and their ideas of the innate(p) state that they are non speaking of the same thing. Hobbes defines the state of nature as the time when men lived without a common power. custody would constantly be at war with to severally one an opposite(prenominal), and the elements around them. in that location would be no laws or authority and without them, men would call back that e rattlingthing is theirs. It is very similar to the mindset of a child. Children are non born with a lifelike inclination to share. That is something that parents must(prenominal) teach them as they grow.Greed is naturally instilled in men and because of this men open been fighting and violent even in the lead societies were developed. hands were fghting, stealing, and murdering each other for survival. Rousseau argues with Hobbes. Rousseau describes a hypothetical time when fraternity did not come through and men alin concert acted on their natural instincts which were nonbelligerent and timid. Men would not have all sense of right and wrongfulness because they had not been molded by societys standards yet. Hobbes states that in the state of nature men would be fearful and voracityy and because of this it was inevitable for societies to last.Hu homos need protection fr om each other because instinctually we are violent and pose a threat to others. Men naturally crave property and self-preservation and in this environment peace is not assertable. When men come together to form societies social signalizes are necessary to guarantee the protection of rights of each man. Once a social contract is implanted man gave his rights over to the sovereign. A social contract is an concord in which multiple individuals come together and authorize their rights to one man.Once the individuals give their rights over them become one sovereign. The rights and rotection of a single individual is no longer important only the protection of the sovereign as a whole. This is when men could begin to live their lives without fear. Once order was imparted on the tidy sum or a society they would live in handicapony with each or be forced to leave. If this occurs that individual would no longer be under the protection of the sovereign. Hobbes believes that there are th ree principles that cause abandon competition, glory, and difference.If one man sees another with an item that he craves competition impart take over and he will take the item utilise force or other call ups. Glory drives a man to be superior. Without a firm authority established one will be driven to be the most powerful. Rousseau disagrees with Hobbes and insists that in the state of nature the only reckon is survival. In this case I believe that Hobbes is thinking in any case much from a society stand point and he is similarly contradicting himselt. Society molds us into competing tor glory. In the state ot nature this would not be the case.Hobbes and Rousseau both agree that in the state of nature reason and contrariety do not exist yet and it would not be possible for man to understand that he should be to a greater extent powerful than another. If variation does not exist then it ould not be possible for one man to be more powerful then another. In Rousseaus natural s tate men are solitary, timid, and greed doesnt exist because society has not corrupted their innocence yet. Rousseau believes that human nature is inherently good and it wasnt until societies began to establish that humans instincts became corrupted.When man is in its natural state they are solitary and have no sense of ownership over anything. They struggle with their environment and their natural conditions. Individuals are looking out for themselves and self- preservation is guiding them, Just as in Hobbes natural state, however Rousseau cites here is no frenzy surrounded by them. Rousseau compares man to animals by saying man needs to satisfy their visible needs for survival, however we have a natural repugnance for eyesight others in pain. Because of this we would never harm another person for our own self-serving desires.Language does not exist yet because people are solitary and curb to themselves. Because of this reason does not exist. Without reason there is no Jealo usly, inequality, or other negative emotions that lead to madness. This seems too optimistic to be accurate. Compassion would exist to an extent but self-preservation will al moods be more of a priority. If a man has to cause pain to another because there are limited resources then so be it. For example, lets say it was winter and a man found a small cave. There was already individual else in there and it was only big enough to fit one.Rousseau believes that since men have no sense of ownership, and are solitary creatures that one would scarce leave because they dont have to reasoning to think, l was here first, so it is mine. Hobbes would say that men are violent and greedy and in this situation violence would occur. Men are born with a natural instinct to populate and because of this both men would fght over shelter. Humans would not do harm Just to be evil because good and evil would not exist yet. Once families started to form humans had more time to do other activities and with this came reason and inequality.Rousseau gives the example of a dance around a fire. nonpareil man will look at another and see that this man is bigger than another and reason would lead him to believe that one must be better than the other. Once inequality is established man has a need to be more powerful then another. Another factor that leads to inequality is the ownership of realm. Rousseau states, The first man who, having fenced in a piece of land, said This is mine, and ound people naive enough to believe him, that man was the honest founder of civil society.From how many crimes, wars, and murders, from how many horrors and misfortunes might not any one have saved mankind, by pulling up the stakes, or filling up the ditch, and crying to his fellows Beware of listening to this impostor you are undone if you once forget that the fruits of the acres belong to us all, and the earth itself to nobody. Once man owns land and inequality has set in men will become greedy an d want more believing that owning land is a symbol of power. Man ill begin to want more wealth and glory and this is when violence starts.The natural instincts of being solitary and amicable have been corrupted by the society and humans have at one time been molded into greedy power hungry people. Rousseau states, l must trifle everyone see that bonds ot servitude are tormed trom the mutual dependence of men. It is impossible to slave a man without first putting him in the positions of being unable to do without another person. Rousseau believes that when men live alone they cannot be corrupted because they rely on no one but themselves for survival.Once men come together and form families and societies they become enslaved by dependence into that society. After looking at both ideas I believe that Hobbes is not most accurate in his thinking. Rousseau has an optimistic, humanist way of looking at men, but I believe that it doesnt matter how far back in history one goes, men were always violent, greedy, fearful creatures. Just because reason didnt exist does not mean that men wouldnt have a wanting for resources that werent theirs. Men may not have been able to reason why they wanted something, but the greed was still there.Society and social contracts did not cause or mold our greediness, and violence like Rousseau believes. Those instincts were instilled in men from the beginning as a way of survival. It is impossible to have any absolute truth over who is right in this argument. Once man has been civilized the effects cannot be reversed. We would never be able to go back to the state of nature and this is why the debate is still continuing today. Nature vs. nurture is a composition that is debated today because it is impossible to know for sure what is instinct and what has been molded by our society.

Healthy Eating Essay

Healthy means having or indicating gr fertilise health in your body or mind. Being bouncing means sense of touch sizable. Being healthy is 1 of the better things in life. When a soul is healthy, that soul would be able to do or achieve anything in his or her own way. A healthy soulfulness is a b ripe(p) person. Even if a person is healthy, they could still become ill. Being healthy is everything dealing with you in body and mind. In body, the person could be severe and healthy. In mind, the person has a touch sensationing of intelligentness and achievement towards themselves. They tactile sensation good roughly themselves and people can see a good change in them. The person entrust have confirming thoughts and non negative thoughts. squandering the right kinds of food keeps your body healthy and produces you shade good. When a person is healthy, they tend to feel good about themselves and their body. Eating healthy, universe active, and feeling good about you ar e the key ingredients to having a healthy lifestyle. When a person eats healthy food, like one of their daily food groups in the food pyramid grain, poultry, dairy, and etc. they will be able to have decent strength and energy to stretch forth them a whole day.When you keep your body strong, well, and clean, you are being healthy. In order to be healthy, the person will have to eat the right kind of food, exercise daily, take a shower, keep him/herself clean, and endure well. multitude who are healthy are likely to have the background of being and stick abouting drug free. Junk food is non one of the things people eat to be healthy. Eating junk food affects your body and can make you sick.In order for a person to be healthy and stay healthy, they have to exercise daily, eat the right kinds of food, staying clean, and that person would feel good about themselves in the inside and outside. In the inside, they will feel good about themselves. That person wont be worrying about th eir weight or how their appearance may look like because they feel beautiful in the inside fitting by staying healthy. In the outside, the person will feel good and strong. They will have a positive self-esteem about themselves. They can be able to do or achieve anything that comes into the persons way without having negative thoughts.If a person were to eat a dope of junk food, drink a lot of soft drinks, and do things that could destroy their health, they are destroying their body. If they dont eat the right kinds of food, exercise daily, and stay clean, they could kill themselves faster and they could easily limp a sickness and die from it, because they dont have enough strength to fight the sickness. In their mind, they will have negative thoughts and not positive thoughts. They will put themselves down and also everyone around them, including their love ones. They wont have the strength to do anything, except just sleep, eat, and talk. In other words, they will become very l azy, because they wont have enough energy to do anything.So, in order to stay healthy, we have to eat the right kinds of food, exercise daily, and stay clean so that we can feel good about ourselves inside and outside. If we dont eat healthy and stay healthy, we might become lazy or catch a sickness really fast and die. So, I surrender you with this quote Healthy Me, I Feel Good.

Prevalence of Self-Medication Essay

Antibiotic self- medicinal drug among university checkup checkup checkup examination undergraduates in Northern Nigeria Joseph O. Fadare 1* and Igbiks Tamuno 21Department of Medicine, Kogi State Specialist infirmary, Lokoja, Nigeria 2Department of Pharmaco lethargic, Bayero University, Kano, Kano State, Nigeria. Accepted 20 April, 2011Self- medicinal drug is becoming a common type of self- fearfulness behavior among the macrocosm of umteen countries. Many international studies pass on investigated the prevalence and nature of self-medication holds at the population level. In Nigeria, some workers have alike looked at the population prevalence of self-medication in commonplace however the prevalence of antibiotic dose drug self-medication among medical exam examination undergraduates has not yet been studied. The interest in canvasing this practice among this select sort out is due to the fact that they are the future prescribers and health educators of the popula tion of Nigeria. The cartoon was a cross-sectional pre-tested disbeliefnaire- base study carried out among medical students of the Bayero University, Kano, North-West Nigeria during a two-week period in August 2008. The discipline from the returned questionnaire were coded, entered and analyzed using SPSS magnetic declination 12 statistical software.A total of 183 students filled and returned the questionnaire giving a reply rate of 83.2%. Out of these answerings, 120 (65.6%) were males and the mean days of respondents was 23.2 2.5 eld (Range 17 to 31). 71 (38.8%) of the medical students admitted to the practice and at that place was no statistically significant engagement among the dis equal levels of medical direction (p >0.05). Antibiotics from the penicillin group (ampicillin/cloxacillin, amoxicillin and ampicillin) were the most frequently in use(p). Self-medication with antibiotics is prevalent among medical undergraduates in Northern Nigeria. in that respect is a quest for an intervention to address this practice. Key words Antibiotics, self-medication, medical undergraduates, Nigeria. INTRODUCTIONAntibiotics are one of the most prescribed drugs worldwide (Tnger et al., 2000). Self-medication with antibiotics is a common practice in many countries in the world although the thin seems to be more in build uping or re character reference- ridiculous nations (Awad et al., 2005). Some of the reasons that have been install responsible for this trend include lack of introduction to health care, availability of antibiotics as all over the counter (OTC) drugs and in open markets and poor regulatory practices (Vaananen et al., 2006). Self-medication with antibiotics has been identified as one form of irrational use of medicine contributing to *Corresponding author. E-mail jofadaregmail.com. Tel +234- 8138048127. increased healthcare salutes, antimicrobial drug rampart and sometimes increased morbidity among the popu- lation (Aswapoke e et al., 1990 Okeke et al., 1999).The practice of self-medication in widely distributed has been widely studied among populations of many countries in Africa, Asia and Europe (Martins et al., 2002 Yousef et al., 2008 Awad et al., 2007a). genius of the factors that have been found to influence this practice is the level of education of the look participants (Afolabi, 2008). Many studies have to a fault forwardly looked at the pre- valence, nature and reasons for self-medication among university undergraduates (non-medical) in different countries of the world (Zafar et al., 2008 Sawalha, 2008 Lucas et al., 2007). There are also studies on general self-medication practices among medical undergraduates in some other countries (Buke et al., 2005 Chowdhury 218 J. Public Health Epidemiol.et al., 2009). In Nigeria, previous studies have concen- trated on general self-medication practices among the population (Afolabi, 2008) and health care workers (Bamgboye et al., 2006). This study of antibiotic self- medication practice among university medical undergraduates in Nigeria is precise important as they are a segment of the population that is highly educated and with access to information regarding their health. Looking at this practice among medical undergraduates is also very vital as they represent the future contemporaries of drug prescribers and health educationists.The understanding of the level of antibiotic self-medication practice and the reasons for it aldepression for enable for different interventional strategies. It will also help policy makers to develop approaches for a more rational use of antibiotics in the community in general. The main objective of this study was to determine the frequency and nature of antibiotic self-medication practice among university medical undergraduates in the Northern part of Nigeria. This study also sought if there is any relationship between the level of medical education and the self-medication practice. METHODS The study was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study carried out among medical students of the Bayero University, Kano, North- West Nigeria during a two-week period in August 2008. SamplingA total of two hundred and twenty self-administered questionnaires were distributed to students from different level of medical education (200 to 500 Level) using a convenient sampling system. QuestionnaireThe questionnaire which had been pre-tested among students of another(prenominal) faculty in the university consisted of both open and close ended questions. The questionnaires were administered to the students finished their class representatives who also returned the filled ones. The act of filling and returning of the forms was interpreted as consent of the students to participate and the study was approved by the Hospital Ethics Committee. The lead question was Have you practiced self-medication with antibiotics in the hold water two months?The duration of two months was chosen becaus e of the belief that recall of medication use is still very reliable within that time frame. another(prenominal) questions include The reasons for indulging in self-medication, conditions for which the drugs were taken and the antibiotics that were being used. Statistical analysesThe information from the returned questionnaire were coded and entered using SPSS version 12 statistical software. Results were expressed as counts and percentages temporary hookup Chi-square test was used for to investigate possible associations between sex, level of medical education and antibiotic self-medication practice. A p-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant for the affair of this study. RESULTSA total of one 183 students filled and returned the questionnaire giving a response rate of 83.2%. Out of these respondents, one hundred and twenty (65.6%) were males and the mean age of all respondents was 23.2 2.5 years (Range 17 to 31 years). The distribution of the respondents ac cording to level of medical education is shown in tabularise 1. In response to the question whether respondents had practiced self- medication in the preceding two months, 71 (38.8%) of the medical students admitted to the practice and there was no statistically significant difference among the different levels of medical education (p >0.05). Though self-medication with antibiotics was more common among the male students, this difference was not statistically significant (p >0.05). The common conditions for which the antibiotics were taken include diarrhea, in the raw throat, feverishness, cough and catarrh among others (Table 2). Antibiotics from the penicillin group (ampicillin/cloxacillin, amoxicillin and ampicillin) were the most frequently used for self-medication among the respondents (Table 3).29 (42.6%) of the medical undergraduates who indulged in the practice did it because they considered their ailment as being whacky magic spell 24 (35.3%) were involved in i t because of their past experience with the fact antibiotic. Regarding the source of the antibiotics used for self-medication, majority of the respondents (57.4%) patronized patent medicine stores while hospital and community pharmacies were the suppliers for 13 (19.1%) and 11 (16.2%) of the respondents, respectively. Only 1 respondent (1.5%) used the leftover from a previous prescription in this study. majority of the medical undergraduates (89.6%) knew that the normal duration of treatment was supposed to be at least a minimum of 5 days however but 34 (49.3%) of the respondents actually completed the billet of treatment. This study also found out that gender of the respondents did not influence significantly the practice of antibiotic self-medication (p = 0.07). DISCUSSIONSample population and self-medicationThe frequency of antibiotic self- medication discovered in our study is slightly lower than that reported in similar studies in Africa (Awad and Eltayeb, 2007b) and close r to that found in population-based studies in Jordan and Lithuania (Al-Azzam et al., 2007 Berzanskyte et al., 2006). This goes to show that there index not be a signi- ficant difference in self-care or health-seeking behavior between our segment of the population and the general population. This conclusion is also supported by findings from a study on self-medication in general among Fadare and Tamuno 219Table 1. Distribution of respondents by level of medical education and practice of self-medication. University level Self-medication (Y) Self-medication (N) Total number of respondent 200 10 31 41 300 20 26 46 400 27 43 70 500 12 9 21 absentminded value 2 3 5 Total 71 112 183 Table 2. Conditions for which self-medication was practiced. ConditionNo. of respondents (Percentage) Diarrhoea 17 (24.6) Sore throat 14 (20.3) Fever 12 (17.4) Cough 6 (8.7) Catarrh 4 (5.8) Toothache 4 (5.8) Body aches 2 (2.9) Others 10 (14.5) Table 3. Commonly used antibiotics by respondents.Antibiotics Fre quency (Percentage) Ampicillin/cloxacillin 15 (22.1) Amoxicillin 12 (17.6) Metronidazole 12 (17.6) Co-trimoxazole 8 (11.8) Ciprofloxacin 6 (8.8) Tetracycline 6 (8.8) Amoxicillin/Clavulanic bitter 3 (4.4) Penicillin G 1 (1.5) health care workers of a ordinal healthcare facility in South-West Nigeria where over 70% of them were engaged in the practice (Bamgboye et al., 2006). Another possible explanation is that the earlier quoted population- based studies were carried out in societies where the literacy levels are relatively high. It is also important to telephone circuit that such levels of antibiotic self-medication even exists in some countries with more slopped access to drugs, this being made possible by use of left-overs from previous prescriptions. Clinical features and self-medicationThere are similarities in the conditions for which self- medication was practiced in our study with several other university and community-based studies (Zafar et al., 2008 Shankar et al., 20 02 mob et al., 2006). These findings emphasize the fact that self-medication is unremarkably resorted to by individuals for perceived mild clinical conditions. The enigma with this practice is that fever and other similar symptoms which could be due to viral conditions are normally wrongly treated with antibiotics creating a foundation for possible development of resistance to antibiotics in addition to financial loss and possible adverse drug reactions. Antibiotic and self-medicationThe choice of the antibiotics from the penicillin group (especially ampicillin/cloxacillin and amoxicillin) by majority of respondents in our study is in keeping with findings from other studies (Awad et al., 2005 Awad and Eltayeb, 2007b Raz et al., 2005). The choice of the antibiotics from the penicillin group could be due to the following reasons 1. They are cheap, easily accessible, have a severe safety profile and somehow broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. The relatively low patronage of antibiotics like amoxicillin/clavulanic acid could be due to its cost (about 1500 Naira /10 US Dollars) per course of treatment, this in a country where over 60% of the population survive on less than 2 US Dollars daily. 2. It is also pertinent to note that at the moment, there are no restrictions to how and where antibiotics can be sold in Nigeria hence the easy accessibility. near of our respondents got their supply from patent medicine stores, hospital and community pharmacies reinforcing the earlier mentioned problem of lack of regulation. This is at variance with findings from other studies where left-over from old prescriptions were the main source of supply reflecting a more regulated access to antibiotics in these societies (Awad and Eltayeb, 2007b mob et al., 2006). This study revealed no strong associations between gender, level of medical education and the practice of antibiotic self-medication, a finding that is somehow different from the go forth of similar research i n the Arabian Gulf (James et al., 2008) where the prevalence of self- medication was higher in the more senior medical students. Presently in many medical schools in Nigeria, 220 J. Public Health Epidemiol. pharmacology is taught all before the clinical training or at its initial floor and there is no significant reinforce- ment during the latter stages. Also too often attention is being placed on the basic aspect of pharmacology to the detriment of its clinical section and paying attention to this problem might be one level of intervention to address it. ConclusionThis study has shown that self-medication with antibiotics is common among medical undergraduates in Northern Nigeria. There is a need for a review of educational programs especially the teaching of clinical pharmaco- logy to include modules on self- medication and rational use of medicines. At the policy-making level, there is an urgent need to legislate and enforce laws restricting access to antibiotics in Nigeri a. Most importantly, there is a need for a strapping public enlightenment campaign to educate the populace of the disadvantages and possible complications of antibiotic self-medication. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors gratitude goes to the medical undergraduates of Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria who participated in this study. 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