Effects of Activities of Fluorides and Salivary Amylase

Effects of Activities of Fluorides and tonguery AmylaseEver since 1919, cause of activities of fluorides and salivary amylase have been reported. N iodinetheless, research on returns of salivary amylase and fluorides activities be limited. investigating carried out by several researchers on salivary amylase about change integrity properties of stiffen to dental consonant caries development showed mixed results. While some other studies implied a correlation amid dental caries and t each activities of salivary amylase, some research on the same topic showed negative correlation. At the same time, other studies showed no correlation at all (Vergona, 1993).Salivary amylase aids in metabolism and colonization of streptococcus that lead to dental plague and dental caries formation. It acts as a receptor on which microorganism sticks to tooth surfaces. Moreover it has capabilities of binding to surfaces of bacteria and hydrolyses starch to produce products that argon altered to form acids. In in vivo and in vitro studies, it is indicated that sodium fluoride inhibits salivary amylase enzyme when the concentration of fluoride is more than 5 x 10-2 M (BioSciences Information return of Biological Abstracts, 1978). This means that salivary amylase of human being is not impinged on when fluoride concentration is below 5 x 10-2 M. In vivo rent showed that when a rat drinks pissing that has 25 or 50 ppm of fluorides for a completion of four weeks, there is stimulation of salivary amylase secretion and flow consecrate in parotid glands (Afonsky, 1961).Influence of human salivary glands by fluoride is through with(p) by use of sodium fluoride upshot (NaF) in in vitro experiment. In this experiment, participants are allowed to fast overnight and wash their mouth with water that is distilled onward chewing parafilm at around 9 a.m. Saliva is then produced at heart the next two minutes after water rinsing for a flow rate of ten minutes and centrifuged at 12 d x g in a centrifuge known as Sorvall RC2-B. At this point the saliva ph level is measured (Kettering Laboratory, 1963).The data produced from preliminary analysis of this study do not show any important contravention between sexes on activities of salivary amylase. Varying the concentration of NaF ranging (sodium flouride) between 0 and 500 mM do not cause major differences in activities of salivary amylase. When NaF concentration is at one hundred mM, the use of salivary amylase is more than 100%. But when the concentration of NaF is at 500mM, the action at law of salivary amylase becomes 92.8%. Because of intraoral activity of salivary amylase, it is considered as very important for oral health. Salivary gland produces this enzyme and is anchor at a low concentration in parotid gland. It is protein in nature and in molecular terms, it has a 62-67 kDa weight. Amylase enzyme digests polysaccharides through hydrolysis of glycogen, 4 glucosidic starch linkages and other polysa ccharides (Rajesndran, 2009).An assay enzyme is made by a mixture that has 3ml of 0.2% of ascendant of starch, 3% of 0.1M stem of Tris buffer which has a ph of 7.0 and 0.1M solution of saliva extract that is weaken. The assay mixture is warmed at a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius for a period of one hour. Towards the end period of experiment, aliquot solution having 1.0 M is pipetted in a tryout tube that has a 1.0 N solution of Nelson_Somogyi. This mixture is then heated in hot water for a period not less than ten minutes. 1.0M solution of NaF solution is added to this mixture after cooling down. The resultant solution is suitably diluted and read in a spectrophotometer on 520nm mark.In a current research, it was shown that a decoction of tea that has high fluoride concentration exhibits no amylase inhibition. Moreover, no enzyme activity is observed on addition of more concentration of NaF (Seifert, 1986). Ph division of incubation medium caused the NaF inhibition effect. In this experiment, after incubation period of one hour, it is impossible to sense variations that are more than 0.01 ph unit. make a comparison between the joint results gained from the experiment with water and the one that was gotten from rinsing with a solution of 0.05% NaF shows that the difference becomes significantly significant. There is a possibility that huge individual variation gotten from every group is in all likelihood to influence analysis.The final results gotten for activity of amylase in in vivo experiment were succumbed to test of Kolmogorov-Smirnov (pEven though the alpha-amylase shows to be remarkably stable on high ph levels, it is quite possible that detected decrease in enzyme activity levels when it was treated with 100 mM and 500nM NaF solution respectively is caused by subjoin in ph by the fluoride actions. The stability and activity of human salivary amylase is relied on aluminum and sodium ions that are present. Just like disulfide linkages, alumini um specifically forms cross-links of molecules with the protein of the enzyme. A number of enzymes that need aluminium for activity are slowed down by fluoride. The mechanism used in inhibition await to be through fluoride that induced aluminium removal as it was suggested in a previous research that used amylase which was obtained from mung bean seedlings (Thimann, 1944). other study that has been carried out in Mexico by Alarcon-Herrera et al indicates that spontaneous fractures of study in adults frequently show decreased tensile strength in bones were proportionally higher at 6ppm F concentration in water than at any other concentration level of F(Tmh, 2006). However, dental fluorosis that increases with increased F concentration in water correlates with incidences of bone fractures in both adults as well as children (King Reiss, 2001).ConclusionThis study has shown that the effects of NaF concentration on human salivary amylase activities are shown in in vivo and in vitro ex periments. In vitro experiment showed that no statistically considerable difference is observed in the activity of amylase after incubation period of one hour using a fluoride solution that is concentrated to 550mM. With in vivo experiment, the effect of 0.05% solution of sodium fluoride is examined on human salivary amylase that was gathered at different intervals after rinsing the mouth of the participants. For a second time, no statistically considerable difference is examined in the activity of amylase in all the examined samples.

Design of Earthquake and Cyclone Proof House for Poor

Design of Earthquake and Cycl champion P detonator House for miserableIntroductionBack footholdThe population of the world is constantly increasing it currently lies at 6.7 zillion race and is predicted to increase to 9.2 billion in the coterminous forty eld. Majority of this growth will issue forth in urban argonas and it is predicted that by the year 2050 urban beas al unrivalled will contain 6.4 billion people (United Nations, 2008). This continuous growth of urban atomic number 18as is cognise as urbanization and is chief(prenominal)ly occurring in create countries, in grumpy in the peri-urban regions (the outside fringes of larger towns/cities similarly cognise as slums, shanty towns or favelas depending on the region). Much of these peri-urban argonas merely ar already full(prenominal)ly populated with light living conditions, thus any increase in population is a major(ip) riddle and in tress concocts an increase in ridiculous admit, wellness and s ervices (Mara, 2008). This tarradiddle is going to specifically reckon at the peri-urban regions and housing of Latin the States.Latin the States is generally define as those countries in the Americas where Spanish or Portuguese is spoken. This includes Mexico and the countries of important America, mho America and the Caribbean (Bumgarner, 2008), as shown in figure one. It currently has a unite population of rough 590 million people, 470 million of this total ar ensn be in urban atomic number 18as (United Nations, 2008). South America is the region of the world with the largest correspondence of its population living in slums at 26% and these numbers keep to increase (SASI Group and Newman, 2006). Many of its countries be frequently subjected to pictorial disasters much(prenominal)(prenominal) as seisms, vol chamberpotic eruptions, hurri fundamentes and flooding. This is situati all ascribable to the diverse topography of the region oceans, mountains, rainforests, vol fundamentoes and ginger snap lines discount all be found through with(predicate)out the ara (Bumgarner, 2008).In addition, the twenty largest cities of Latin America be in argonas with steep slopes, swamps, floodable drink polish up or seismal activity. As a result many of the regions spank disasters prevail hit cities (World Bank, 2005).In 1985 Mexico City was hit by a major earthquake, killing approximately 9,500 people and thousands more(prenominal) were injured and go away home slight. In 1970 an earthquake hit Peru that destroyed many areas in dissipateicular affecting cities much(prenominal) as Lima, Casma and Chimbote. In total 20,000 people died and major upon to the cities occurred, according to preliminary reports gradeing collapses suitd most of the fatalities. The worlds largest immortalizeed earthquake hit Chile in 1960, thousands were killed or injured and everyplace 2 million people were left homeless with $550 million of alter realized in gray Chile alone (USGS, 2009). Other cities such(prenominal) as Rio de Janeiro and capital of Venezuela have seen major demise through landslides (World Bank, 2005) and areas in Venezuela (such as Caracas) and grey Brazil have been affected by cyclones. Hurri fecal mattere Mitch tore across Central America and Southern Mexico in 1998 and left a path of destruction killing over 10,000 people and fall millions more either homeless, missing or severely affected.The poor are put at particular risk from inhering disasters be effort of the hazardous locations and poor quality of their dwellings (World Bank, 2005). As previously mentioned the living conditions of much of the urban population, in particular in the peri-urban regions is less than satisfactory, usually densely populated and oft unfit for human habitation. contours 1.2 and 1.3 at a humbleer place show images of peri-urban areas in Latin America, as enkindle be seen the values are poorly made and actually den sely spaced.The social, physical and mental health of an individual is majorly influenced by the environment in which they live (Tinker, 2008) poor housing results in poor health and this is particularly evident in the peri-urban regions of Latin America for example the Neza Chalco Itza barrio of Mexico City and slums of Peru, Brazil and Chile. Many of the petty(a)-cost settlements are overcrowded and lack basic but vital amenities such as clean water supply, sanitation, access to work and shelter. This in turn leads to a high rate of di sease and low life expectancies with many people last at a young age. A major problem is poor sanitation and contaminated water supply resulting in faeco-oral diseases such as salmonellosis, viral diarrhoea (rotavirus) and cholera. Diarrhoea alone is a major problem in developing countries especially in children killing 1.3 million children patriarchal under five, globally, per year (Mara, 2008).Housing cerebrate diseases are also often of majo r c one timern, the poorly constructed shelters and overcrowding leads to many insect and rodent related diseases, such as plague and Chagas disease two of which often result in final stage.Aims And Objectives dupeing access to housing that provides up to(predicate) shelter and physical safety is one of the superlative challenges confronting the urban poor. Most poor people live in in get under ones skinal housing, often located in marginal areas that are threatened to natural disasters and poorly served by public services or utilities. (World Bank, 2005)This summon taken from the book The Urban Poor in Latin America published by the World Bank, perfectly describes the issues confronting the urban poor of Latin America. It highlights the main problems they face and summarizes the key objectives of this report.The initial brief of this report is to cast a suitable house for the peri-urban poor of Latin America. It needs to be able to resist earthquake and cyclone forces but a lso be low cost and feasible for the local area. Listed below are the key aims of this report and these will help to hold the final solution to the brief is met successfully.Gain an understanding of earthquakes and cyclones and their effect.Gain an understanding of existing earthquake and cyclone loathly visualises. plug the final intention is both(prenominal) earthquake and cyclone resistant.The design must be of low-cost and suitable for peri-urban regions.The design needs to provide adequate shelter which in turn will help to reduce housing related diseases.The design needs to provide a water source and adequate sanitation which in turn will help to reduce diseases. end-to-end the world housing construction is increasing, including areas affected by natural hazards, such as cyclones and earthquakes. This increase in population increases the risks of structural damage and passing game of life when natural disasters strike. whence to secure that the number of fatalities a nd damage ca utilise, in areas subject to hazards, are minimal, special precautions and design standards must be adopted (United Nations, 1975).This report will follow a specific social construction in order to obtain an understanding of these precautions and design standards to ensure that the final design meets all the objectives. It will begin by analysing the title in more depth and collecting information that will help to gift the obligatory details for designing a low cost earthquake and cyclone resistant house.EarthquakesAn earthquake is a spasm of solid ground shaking caused by a sudden release of muscularity in the earths lithosphere (i.e. the crust irrefutable part of the upper mantle) (Dowrick, 1987) They are among the most perverting natural events on the planet (BBC News, 2005).Causes, oddball And force outEarthquakes push aside vary importantly in their military force, way they are caused and do they have on the surrounding landscape. They whitethorn st artle from natural processes such as tectonic activity or human processes such as mining or bomb detonation. Some are very powerful do large home base damage, smirch and/or death whilst opposites are much weaker.As suggested by Bolt (2004) there are a number of take issueent types of earthquake and it is useful to classify them in their mode of generation. Each type varies in their durability, how often they occur and direct of hazard they pose.Earthquakes Generated Through Human ProcessesCollapse EarthquakesThese comparatively pocket-size earthquakes consider the collapse of secret taps or caverns. They whitethorn be generated through cardinal different processes, either the roof collapses or mine ebullitioning occurs. Mine burst is a process in which the stresses around the cavern or mine cause large pieces of reel to explosively fly off the hugger-mugger swing face. Both processes induce seismic waves and consequently ground shaking. magnification EarthquakesWh en chemicals or nuclear devices are detonated they screwing cause the surrounding ground to shake significantly. When nuclear devices are detonated in boreholes on a lower floor the ground wide nuclear energy is released. This energy wherefore vaporizes the surrounding rock and induces seismic waves and so can generate relatively significant earthquakes.Impact EarthquakesAlthough non so common these earthquakes are generated from the impact of meteorites on the Earths come on. They strike with such a powerful force that they can generate seismic waves, which croak great distances, such as the 1908 meteorite impact in Siberia that caused a more or less large earthquake.Earthquakes Generated Through Natural ProcessesLand Sliding EarthquakesMassive landslides can produce substantial earthquakes. For example in Peru, 1974, a large landslide triggered seismic waves comparable to a moderate earthquake. As the soil and rock falls with significant speed the walk outment is converted to seismic waves and hence an earthquake is generated.Volcanic EarthquakesThese are simply earthquakes that occur in uniting with volcanic activity. Earthquakes and volcanoes often accompany individually other and both originate through tectonic forces. Sometimes even so they do occur individually.architectonic EarthquakesThese are the most common type of earthquake. They are produced through confused geological processes and are of great social significance because they pose the greatest hazard.The Earth is made up of a number of layers, the inner and satellitemost core, mantle and the crust that floats on top. The crust and upper mantle form a strong layer know as the lithosphere and this is impoverished up into a number of different headquarterss that are move in different directions through convection currents (BBC News, 2005).Convection currents are caused due to the grooveing of rock in the lower part of the mantle. As the temperature of the rock increases it hold outs less dense and so begins to rise to the outer region of the mantle, the cooler higher(prenominal) density rock in a higher place sinks due to gravity. The cooler rock is thencece heated as it gets closer to the core of the earth and the rising hot rock cools as it moves further away. The process then continues in the kindred cycle over millions of years gradually moving the tectonic plates around on the surface. recruit 2.1 shows a plat of the layers making up the earth and the convection currents and heat handout present.Subdivisions of the Earths interior and heat loss via convection in the mantle and outer core.The plates that get through up the Earths surface are all interconnected much desire a jigsaw, as shown by figure 2.1. As they are moved in different directions they are forced into or away from one another at their boundaries. It is at these plate boundaries that most earthquakes occur.Tectonic plateful BoundariesThere are three main types of plate boundary apiece with different characteristics, (Platetectonics.com, 2005).1. Convergent Boundaries At these boundaries the cardinal plates collide with one another. They are also known as destructive boundaries because the crust is destroyed as one plate is forced beneath the other, forming a subduction zone. There are three types of convergent boundary Oceanic-Oceanic, Continental-Oceanic and Continental-Continental.Oceanic-Oceanic This involves two ocean plates converging (e.g. The pacific and Mariana Plates). A deep oceanic trench is then make due to one of the plates sinking beneath the other. Often with this type of convergence volcanoes are formed below the ocean surface and over millions of years of eruptions they build up eventually to be exposed above the surface as volcanic islands usually in chains called island arcs. Figure 2.3 shows a diagram of oceanic-oceanic convergence.Oceanic-Continental This involves an oceanic and continental plate colliding, the older and heavy oce anic plate then sinks below the continental forming a trench. An example of this is the Peru-Chile Trench (also known as the Atacama Trench) this is formed due to the oceanic Nazca Plate being subducted beneath the South American Plate. Often deep in the subduction zone the oceanic plate breaks up into smaller pieces and these pieces are locked in place for farsighted periods of time then may unawares move forming large earthquakes. Figure 2.4 shows a diagram of oceanic-continental convergence.Continental-Continental This involves two continental plates, when the two plates collide uncomplete is subducted because they both resist the downward motion. Instead they buckle upwards forming large mountain ranges such as the Himalayas, which continue to grow throughout millions of years of convergence. Figure 2.5 shows a diagram of continental-continental convergence.2. Divergent Boundaries At these boundaries the tectonic plates are pushed apart as convection currents move them in di fferent directions. This process then leads to a large separation between the plates and new crust is formed as molten rock rises up from the Earths core, for this reason they are also known as constructive boundaries. The process can separate all landmasses over millions of years, into two singular landmasses. This is currently happening throughout Iceland as the Eurasian and North American Plates diverge.3. Transform-Fault Boundaries This type of boundary also known as conservative plate boundaries involve two plates sliding historical one another. For example the San Andreas Fault between the Pacific and North American Plates. As the plates move in different directions they grind against each other and the friction between them can build up and be released suddenly generating an earthquake.It is through the geological processes of convergence and divergence that earthquakes are generated. As the plates move elastic strain builds up in the crustal rock and when a charge rupture s the energy stored in the rocks is released, partly as heat, partly in cracking underground rocks, and partly as elastic waves. These waves are the earthquake (Bolt, 2003). This is the supposition of elastic rebound the elastic strain in a block off of the Earths crust over a long period of time can suddenly be released by the movement on a fault, causing an earthquake (Eiby, 1967).Latin America lies upon five tectonic plates, the Cocos, Caribbean, Nazca, South American and Scotia plates. Together these plates converge and diverge generating many earthquakes throughout Latin America.seismic WavesAlthough there is a number of ways that earthquakes may be generated the same kind of seismic waves are present in each quake.An earthquake emits its power as two main types of waves of energy these are organic structure waves and surface waves. Both have different characteristics in the way they last throughout the earth and damage they cause.Body WavesThese waves travel through the i nners layers of the earth, they fetch before the surface waves and are of a high frequency. There are two types of body wave, primary and secondary.Primary waves also known as P waves or compressional waves are the fastest type of wave they are able to travel through solid and fluid masses. This means they are the first to be felt up during an earthquake, they cause particles to move backwards and send on in a push and pull motion.Secondary waves or S waves are slower than primary and can only travel through solid masses. They are the second to be felt during an earthquake and cause particles to move in a side-to-side or up and down motion.Surface WavesThese waves are only able to travel through the Earths outer crust. They have a lower frequency than body waves and arrive after. Although they are slower, n proterozoic all damage caused from an earthquake is due to the surface waves. comparable body waves there is two types of surface wave, Love and Rayleigh.Love waves named aft er A.E.H Love who predicted their existence in 1911 are the fastest type of surface wave and move particles in a side-to-side motion.Rayleigh waves named after skipper Rayleigh who predicted their existence in 1885 roll across the ground much interchangeable a wave in an ocean. They cause particles to move in a side-to-side or up and down motion. Majority of the shaking felt during an earthquake is from the Rayleigh waves (Michigan Tech, 2007).StrengthWhen an earthquake occurs both types of wave are emitted as previously discussed, the strength of these waves however varies significantly with each earthquake and so the damage and cause each event has on the surrounding areas can be very different.The strength of an earthquake is defined in two ways, the durability of the earthquake (i.e. the strength of shaking at any effrontery place) and the order of order of the earthquake (i.e. the actual surface or total strength of the event). For each type of measurement a exfoliation has been devised, these can then be used to determine the actual specifics of each earthquake.Intensity measures the moroseness of the seismic ground motion at a specific come out (Dowrick, 1987). This is determined by the Modified Mercalli (MM) Scale, which is the most widely used photographic plate for this type of measurement. It is composed of twelve increasing levels of intensity and at each level a type of response is listed for example damage to jazzows, people awakening or at higher levels, structures to exaltedy destroyed. Appendix A gives a detailed commentary of the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale.Magnitude measures the size of an earthquake at a specific point. It is established using seismographs, which record the various amplitude changes of the ground oscillations below. They record a zig-zag trace and this is then used to determine the magnitude which is found from the logarithm of the amplitude of waves recorded. The info recorded by a seismograph can be u sed to establish the time, location and magnitude of an earthquake (USGS, 2009).The Richter scale ranges from 3.5 and below up to 8 and above, the lower the value indicates a weaker earthquake and so higher indicates a much stronger one. The magnitude of the earthquake does not indicate damage however (the Mercalli scale is used for this) because a high magnitude earthquake may occur in a remote region therefore niggling damaged is caused, on the other hand a weaker event may occur in a densely populated region and thus the damage is greatly increased. Appendix B gives a detailed description of the Richter scale.Understanding the strength, causes and types of earthquake helps to determine appropriate designs for specific areas of the world. Latin America is in a region that is subjected to earthquakes of varying strengths from frequent occurring events of small magnitudes to much larger events of greater magnitudes and intensity. For example, more recently in Peru (2007) an earthqu ake of magnitude 8.0 occurred and in 1960 the largest earthquake to be recorded in the world to date, with a magnitude of 9.5, hit Chile. Therefore structures need to be designed to be able to resist forces of varying levels.Effects Of EarthquakesAlthough a great plentifulness is known about where earthquakes are likely, there is currently no honest way to predict the days or months when an event will occur in any specific location (Ludwin, 2004).Likewise the actual magnitude and intensity of an earthquake cannot be predicted and are only established once the event has taken place. For this reason it is important to know the effects of earthquakes on expressions and thus appropriate methods can be adopted during their design to ensure damage is minimized.When an earthquake occurs the ground is subjected to various types of seismic waves (as previously mentioned), these waves cause the ground to move in all directions. The most damaging effects on structures are from the horizonta l movements of the ground because the majority of structures are designed to dare vertical loads. Therefore when designing structures to resist earthquake forces the main effect of an earthquake is considered in terms of horizontal forces, similar to wind forces (Ambrose J. Vergun D, 1995).Each time a major earthquake occurs an advance in design technology can be made. This is because when an event occurs that results in major structural damage, the effects on the buildings in that area can be investigated. Buildings that have withstood the earthquake forces can be established and the design methods used for these particular buildings used again in the future. Other structures that have failed to withstand the earthquake forces can be investigated and the reason for their failure can be determined, improvements on their design can then be made.There are a number of hazards that arise from earthquakes and each has different damaging effects (Dowrick, 1987)Direct Movement of gramma tical constructions This is due to the ground shaking beneath the structure, it can cause general destabilization of the building and various levels of damage.Ground interlingual rendition Along a Fault As the ground moves, displacement along a fault may be caused. This in turn can lead to cracking of the ground, settlement of an area, land/mud slides and avalanches.Flooding, Fires, Gas Leaks When the ground moves various services and structures may be damaged, such as dams, underground piping, river levees and so on, this in turn can cause various types of disaster.Tsunamis The energy released during an earthquake can cause large tidal waves, which in turn can have devastating effects when they reach the mainland.Liquefaction When an earthquake is generated it may compact the soils beneath a building, this in turn causes an increase in pore water squeeze and causes a loss in snip strength. The soil changes to a liquefied state, this process can have unfortunate effects whe n it occurs below a building.These hazards in turn have two main physical consequences, death and injury to human beings and damage to the constructed and natural environments. The area is then affected socially and economically because of these physical effects. This can include, cost of damage, losses to businesses and cost of healthcare and aid. Financially and technically it is only possible to reduce these consequences (Dowrick, 1987) and design considerations (Section 4) must be made to ensure that they are reduced.Although there are a number of effects caused by earthquakes this report is specifically going to look at the effects on structures and how they influence the design.Tropical CyclonesTropical cyclone is the generic name given to adoring core, low pressure coerce systems that develop over equatorial or sub- tropic waters and have organized circulation (NWS JetStream, 2008). The warm central core makes them differ from mid-latitude cyclones and because of this warm -core structure the strongest winds occur at ground levels therefore having the potential to cause significant amounts of damage (Gray, 2003). These rapidly revolving winds can reach speeds of over 160mph and unleash 9 trillion litres of rain a day. They begin as tropical disturbances in warm ocean waters and their wind speeds increase as they are fed from the warm ocean waters. At wind speeds of 38mph they become known as tropical depressions, at 39mph and above they become known as tropical besieges and are assigned a name (National Geographic, 2009). at a time the system reaches wind speeds of 74mph and above they become classified as hurricanes, typhoons or cyclones depending on the region of the world they occur and can sustain these conditions for roughly(prenominal) days. In the Eastern Pacific and Atlantic they are known as hurricanes, Western Pacific as typhoons and Indian Ocean as cyclones. Therefore in Latin America they are referred to as hurricanes, during this rep ort however the generic term tropical cyclones will be used (Tinker, 2008).every year approximately 80 tropical cyclones occur, two thirds of which attain hurricane intensity and one eighth of this global total occur in the Atlantic alone (to the east of Latin America). Tropical cyclones have a significant effect on the globe. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) estimates from 1963-1992 tropical cyclones caused well-nigh three times as much damage globally compared to earthquakes and influenced the lives of more or less five times as many people. They also account for approximately 50% more deaths than earthquakes (Gray, 2003).Due to the significant impact that tropical cyclones have on the globe socially, economically and physically it is vital that their formation, characteristics and effects are clearly understood. This in turn can help to ensure structures are correctly designed to resist the forces that they may encounter during a cyclone.Cause, Structure And StrengthC ause And StructureThe conditions must be just redress for a tropical cyclone to form, there are various trigger mechanisms essential to transform more frequent storms and tropical depressions into significant tropical cyclones. Cyclones take in their energy from warm dampish air, as warm water evaporates from tropical seas energy is transferred into the storm system. The energy is stored within the water vapour of the moist air, as it ascends and condenses the energy is released and causes large cumulus clouds and rain.As previously mentioned tropical cyclones begin as tropical disturbances (clusters of thunderstorms) over tropical waters, with a negligible temperature of 26C, they then begin to grow as energy is careworn from the ocean. Warm ocean waters heat the air above their surface, which in turn rises as a current of warm moist air, leaving an area of low pressure at the ocean surface. This low pressure causes trade winds to rush in and these along with the rotation of t he Earth cause the storm to begin spinning around a cylinder of relatively still air known as the shopping vegetable marrow, (spinning clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and anti-clockwise in the Northern, due to the rotation of the Earth). The rotating winds begin to ascend and release heat and moisture energy before beginning to descend. As heat and moisture energy is released the pressure begins to drop further and at higher altitudes, air then begins to rise faster to fill the area of low pressure and so the amount of warm air drawn from the sea increases. Therefore the storm begins to increase in size and speed developing into a much higher intensity (wind speeds of 74mph and above) (BBC, 2009).Once a tropical cyclone has formed there are three main parts to the storm, the eye, eye wall and rain or feeder bands. Figure 3.1 and 3.2 show the structure of a tropical cyclone and the three sections present, each section has its own properties and effects on the storm and surroun ding areas.The Eye this is located at the centre of the storm it is the settleest part with a low pressure and light winds no more than 15mph. Air descends in the eye clearing the skies of clouds and produces relatively calm conditions. It can range from 20-30 miles in diameter and usually develops when maximum prolong winds exceed 74mph.The Eye Wall is a complete or partial tone ring shaped wall of high velocity winds which surrounds the central eye. It consists of tall thunderstorms that produce the fastest and strongest winds and intense rains, making it the most destructive part of the storm.Feeder/Rain Bands these are the found at the outer regions of the storm they include bands of gusty winds and rain and indicate the first signs of a storm. They can spread over very large surrounding areas and so can increase the diameter of the storm to distances of 340 miles.Another feature associated with tropical cyclones is a storm surge. They are caused by the high speed winds and low pressures of a tropical cyclone, as the storm travels across the ocean the winds push water towards the shore. This surge of water then combines with the natural tide to increase the mean sea levels up to 18 feet or more. In turn this has a tremendous impact on brimal areas as large scale flooding occurs. It is the storm surge that causes the greatest loss of life (NOAA, 2007).StrengthTropical cyclones can vary significantly in size and strength, some may cause little structural damage or injury whilst others cause major destruction and death, such as Hurricane Mitch in 1998. It is therefore particularly important to be able to measure the scale of cyclones for both prediction purposes and prevention of loss of life and structural damage.The most widely used and recognised method of measurement for the intensity of tropical cyclones is the Saffir/Simpson scale. This scale was originally developed by Herbert S. Saffir in 1969 to measure the structural effects of tropical cyclon es at different wind speeds ranging from 74mph to more than 155mph. It was then added to during the early 1970s by Robert Simpson the then-director of the National Hurricane Centre who also applied storm surge levels and central pressures to the scale (Saffir, 2003). The scale consists of five levels of intensity found on the wind speeds, structural damage and storm surge levels of a cyclone.Wind Speeds are sustained values of one-minute duration at elevations of 10m above the surface.Storm Surge values measured from mean sea level. judge Structural Damage (NOAA, 2007) class 1 No real damage to buildings. Damage to unanchored mobile homes and some damage to poorly constructed signs. Also, some coastal flooding and minor pier damage.Category 2 Some damage to doors, windows and roofing materials of buildings. Considerable damage to mobile homes. Flooding and damage to piers, small crafts in unprotected anchorages may break their moorings. Some trees blown down.Category 3 Some stru ctural damage to small residences and utility buildings. whopping trees blown down. Mobile homes and poorly built signs destroyed. Flooding near the coast destroys smaller structures with larger structures damaged by floating debris. Terrain may be flooded well inland.Category 4 All trees, shrubs and signs blown down. more than extensive curtain wall failures with some complete roof structure failure on small residences. Major erosion of beach areas and terrain may be flooded well inland.Category 5 Complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings. Some complete building failures with small utility buildings blown over or away. Flooding causes major damage to lower floors of all structures near the shoreline. Massive evacuation of residential areas may be required.The scale shows the level of destruction cyclones are dependent of and properties that they attain at different levels of intensity. Latin America has been subjected to storms of varying levels through out history, from tropical storms and hurricanes of category 1 or 2 to much stronger and destructive hurricanes such as Hurricane Dean in 2007 and Hurricane Gilbert in 1988 both reaching a level of category 5. Therefore appropriate design methods need to be considered to ensure that the low-cost structure will be able to resist the forces associated with intensities of these levels.Although tropical cyclones can be predicted and an idea of their strength and location establis

Supervision Model for Psychological Assessments

Supervision Model for Psychological Assessments smith and Harty (1987) were pioneers in providing a mannikin of watchfulness for conducting psychological sagacitys. Their model put away that the executive programy programy programs responsibility is to ensures that the beginning supervisee accurately score their protocols and function him/her respectively create and order hypotheses by clinical relevance and join of certainty. Additionally, this model features the supervisor having expectations that the supervisee will individually generate hypotheses while the supervisor judges and double-checks his/her work. The terminal portion of Smith and Hartys model entails the supervisor luck as a consultant to the supervisee once the supervisee is competent.Finkelstein and Tuckman (1997) build upon Smith and Hartys model by adding onto what is typically already done by supervisors (i.e., modeling the behavior of their own mentors when they received supervision in the past). Specifi cally, Finkelstein and Tuckman delimit a model of supervisee development from beginner to expert. The first step for supervisors to get wind supervisees is entitled Learning the Basics of Test Administration and Scoring. In this step, the supervisor serves as a tour guide for information found in runnel manuals (e.g., footraceing conditions and general scoring rules), teaches macro-level scoring of each test (e.g., calculating IQs, percentiles, and age levels), and emphasizes the pros and cons for each tests and how it can best answer be referral questions. The succeeding(a) step, entitled Generating Primary Inferences, involves extrapolating inferences from all aspects of the sound judgment carry through including tests, behavioral observations, and relevant history. During this step, the supervisors role is to explain the rationale for the generated hypotheses, actors line how experience aids competence in hypothesis development, and curtail idealisation of the supervis or and devaluation of the supervisees own abilities. The ternary step in this model involves clustering related hypotheses. This step involves the supervisor helping the supervisee integrate nine-fold sources of data into digestible patterns and clusters that will ultimately be documented in an dodge that serves to guide the formal report. The fourth step, entitled From Outline to the pen Word, involves the supervisors role in helping the supervisee convert the awayline into a useful report (e.g., proofreading, suggesting revisions, and preparing supervisee to provide feedback).The fifth exhibit in this model, entitled Internalizing Diagnostic Norms, is designed for more advanced students who have get the hang basic judicial decision skills and are in need of more content knowledge. Specifically, the supervisors role in this stage involves ensuring exposure to a wide variety of assessment questions and helping the supervisee recognize patterns and deviations in test results and specific patient populations. The sixth stage advertises indecorum and promotes consultation when in that respect is less need for direct guidance. The authors state that supervisors need to be awake(predicate) that this stage often involves a dynamic tension between familiarity and dependence for the supervisee. The sixth stage involves the supervisor encouraging complete autonomy for the supervisee, which typically issue forths after one has obtained his/her license and will be generating reports independently. The final stage in this model involves the creator supervisor helping the former supervisee transition into becoming a supervisor for the next generation and serving as a consultant throughout this life-long process. Regarding the trade home pass on for their model, Finkelsten and Tuckman proclaim that this interpersonal and intrapersonal process should produces supervisee that are able to master assessment by integrating all the various and diverse introjects from past supervisors into a unique self (p. 95).Yalof and Abraham (2009) summarize core supervisory considerations and promote an integrative approach to supervision that is aimed to strengthen psychological report writing and mend preinternship preparation for psychological science graduate students. The first area these authors wrap up is regarding assessment competency and citing the foundational skills in assessment education and training (e.g., psychometrics, theory) outlined in the 2002 Psychological Assessment Work Group (PAWG Krishnamurthy et al., 2004). Next, the authors describe the various developmental stages that supervisees evolve from and outline several markers that are used to define assessment competency. From this point, Yalof and Abraham go into great detail regarding multicultural supervision. Specifically, they encourage supervisors to help supervisees cover differences in cultural background and determine if assessment measures are culturally sensitive ( Allen, 2007) as well as discuss the importance of be to personal and community histories (Hernndez, 2008). Next, Yalof and Abraham advise supervisors to help supervisees consider honourable applications and socialization in assessment. Furthermore, the authors cite the APA Ethical principles and standards (2002) as a good beginning point for supervisees to develop their own ethical identity. Furthermore, the supervisor needs to address how the supervisee should best adapt different larn strategies that will promote greater integration within the practice of psychological assessment (Handelsman, Gottlieb, Knapp, 2008).Next, Yalof and Abraham spell out seven supervisory proficiencys that draw upon extant literature to promote offshoot in assessment supervisees. The first technique involves providing information related to ethical practice in assessment including risk management strategies (e.g., documentation, informed consent, consultation). The next technique involves emphasiz ing the skills that correspond with rapport building and diagnostic interviewing. The third technique suggests that supervisees be provided with extra practice activities (e.g., scoring protocols, reading sampling reports, critiquing reports) that will further their respective competency. The fourth technique advises supervisees to conduct a literature review regarding the referral question to become more familiarized. The fifth technique promotes supplemental peer supervision as it promotes collegiality, socialization, and a collaborative learning environment for learners. The sixth technique suggests that the unconscious influences between the client, supervisee, and supervisor that occur throughout an assessment explicitly be explored. Finally, the supervisor needs to encourage and promote critical thinking skills corresponding to which ever developmental stage the supervisee is currently in. Yalof and Abraham recommend Johnson-Lairds typology of thought (e.g., inductive thinking , associative thinking, inventive thinking, and self-reflective thinking) to help guide supervision. The final portion of this article features a solecism illustration to demonstrate how supervisory probes encourage growth and development for the supervisee. The take home message for this article revolves around the supervisors magnate to most effectively intervene in the supervisees cases. Specifically, Yalof and Abraham propose that the supervisor needs to thoughtfully and instructively probe the supervisee throughout the assessment process to maximize conceptual, critical, and creative thinking regarding the client.ReferencesAllen, J. (2007). A multicultural assessment supervision model to guide research and practice. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 38(3), 248-258. inside 10.1037/0735-7028.38.3.248American Psychological Association. (2002). Ethical standards and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073.Finkelstein, H., Tuckman, A. (1997). Supervisi on of psychological assessment A developmental model. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 28(1), 92-95. inside 10.1037/0735-7028.28.1.92Handelsman, M. M., Gottlieb, M. C., Knapp, S. (2008). Training ethical psychologists An acculturation model. In D. N. Bersoff D. N. Bersoff (Eds.), Ethical conflicts in psychology (4th ed.). (pp. 122-127). Washington, DC, US American Psychological Association.Hernndez, P. (2008). The cultural context model in clinical supervision. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 2(1), 10-17. doi 10.1037/1931-3918.2.1.10Smith, W. H., Harty, M. K. (1987). Issues in the supervision of diagnostic testing. In R. H. Dana, W. T. May, R. H. Dana W. T. May (Eds.), Internship training in schoolmaster psychology. (pp. 410-418). Washington, DC, US Hemisphere Publishing Corp.Yalof, J., Abraham, P. (2009). An integrative approach to assessment supervision. bare of the Menninger Clinic, 73(3), 188-202. doi 10.1521/bumc.2009.73.3.188

Oil Platforms Case Study

Oil Platforms moorage StudyThe Oil Platforms CaseThe Rule of Force in planetary LawI. IntroductionThis paper relates to the Case Concerning Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. coupled States) of the worldwide courtyard of evaluator and its purpose on the same delivered on November 6th, 2003. The dispute is related to a series of events that occurred during the Iran-Iraq war 1980-1988.During the war, due to blows on merchant shipping vessels in the Persian Gulf, the US and other states move in counter-attack by ordering ii Iranian rock oil platforms and severely prejudicious them in secheck bitte incidents. The US argued that it was however responding to a perceived flagellum and the attacks were only in the interest of security in the region. capital of Iran, non get this theory of self- entertainion put forth by the US, cited several violations of bi-lateral International treaties crying foul over such purpose force.The prohibition of the work of force by states in engrafted in customary outside(a) justice as well as in name 2 (4) of the UN Charter. simply both fall short of booking force that is utilise in the States utilisation of the right of self-defence. The ICJ in this particular fiber had to assert whether the force economic consumptiond by the US was re helper pre-emptive in nature if it was, was it proportionate. The court whilst delivering its purpose developed an interesting new theory on such usage of force by a state, a theory which has only been have critically. This paper shall seek to explore this particular theory in arc of the aforementi id fiber. It moldiness also be noned that this creation a recent judgment holds immense practical signifi squeeze outce with regard to the US operations in Afghanistan, Iraq and the troubled Baluchistan and NWFP provinces of Pakistan.To facilitate easy study, this paper has been divide into collar parts the first shall be an appraisal of the facts of the parapraxi s itself, the mo shall be a study of Article 2(4) and the final part pass on be a review judgment.II. The Facts of the Case and its BackdropThe case arose pop out of certain incidents during the Iran-Iraq war from 1980 to 1988.The case in the first place the transnational appeal of Justice revolved around the legality of the use of force with relation to two specific attacks once morest Iranian interests by US forces during the course of the war. The first interpreter was on October 19th, 1987. The US navy launched build up attacks against Irans Reshadat and Resalat oil complexes, both fit(p) in the Persian Gulf. This resulted in the complete annihilation of one of the oil platforms, w hereas the other was severely damaged. As justification, the US affirmed it was playing in self-defence and the attack was in answer to a missile strike three days prior on the Sea Isle City, a Kuwaiti tanker rebadged as a US flag-carrier in order to smash ensure its safety.The arcminute attack occurred a year later on April 18th, 1988 when US naval strikes severely damaged the Iranian Nasr and Salman complexes, nearly destroying the former. This judgment of conviction the US resorted to its prior justification of acting in self-defence again by stating that the attacks were in answer to an the Statesn frigate, the USS Samuel B. Roberts, having been struck by a mine whilst sailing in international waters near Bahrain. On both instances the US notified the get together Nations certification Council of its course of action in accordance with Article 51 of the UN Charter.The Iranian disposal in its application program to the court based its claims on the 1955 accord of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights amid the US and Iran (the accordance), not sparing basic principles of international law of nature. The judgeships (the International tribunal of Justice) jurisdiction was put togethered on Article XXI (2) of the Treaty. Article I of the Treaty p rovided that there shall be firm and enduring tranquillity and sincere knowledge between the join States of the States and Iran. Article X(1) of the Treaty provided that there should be exemption of commerce and glide between the parties territoriesBetween the territories of the two high-pitched Contracting Parties there shall be freedom of commerce and navigation.Based on Articles I and X(1) of the Treaty of Amity, Iran accused the fall in States of having giveed the Treaty by contend and destroying the oil platforms. It also submitted that United States patently hostile and threatening spatial relation towards the Islamic Republic of Iran was a breach of the very purpose and reject of the Treaty of amity including Articles I and X(1), and principles of international law, and that the US was under an arrangement to progress reparations to Iran for the violation of such legal obligations.The US denied all breach of obligation with Iran under Article X(1) and replied tha t the attacks were necessary to protect its national security. This, accord to the US, was covered by Article XX(1)(d) of the Treaty and readThe present Treaty shall not preclude the application of measures(d) necessary to fulfill the obligations of a amply Contracting Party for the maintenance or restoration of international peace and security, or necessary to protect its essential security interests. Also, the US, in another(prenominal) counter-claim pleaded unsuccessfully, claimed that Iran had violated Article X of the Treaty by attacking its vessels and displace mines in the Persian Gulf and engaging in activities from 1987 to 1988 that were dangerous and pestiferous to mari meter commerce and navigation.The US claims of military attack on merchant vessels and warships were not completely un nameed. During the from 1984 to 1988, known as the Tanker War, numerous vessels were attacked in the Persian Gulf and such attacks were perceived to be purported by the Iranian military by means of aerial attacks and the use of mines. The Llyods naval Information Service list noted more 546 incidents, 200 of which were outright attri stilled to Iran. Iran, however, directed such accusations to Iraq and claimed responsibility for none.It must be noted here that the Treaty of Amity was signed between the US and Iran back in 1955. After the Islamic Revolution of 1979 in Iran and the installation of the Khomeini as the head-of-state in all practical aspects, relations between the two states soured and was specially before the start of the Iran-Iraq war. During the revolution, the US expressed its dissatisfaction with affairs in Iran by severing all diplomatic ties with the Islamic state. The American embassy at Tehran was seiged by supporters of the Khomeini and Americans were taken hostage for a considerable period of time. Irans preceding democratically regime headed by the Shah had been seen by the US as an ally this did not go down in like manner well with i ts new Government which accused the US of over-involvement with its internal affairs during the past regime. Further, the new establishment of Iran saw the inability of the Security Council to prevent and contain Iraqs invasion of Iran in September, 1980 as the result of an anti-Iran bias in the Council and even in the UN as a whole.Under such circumstances, the Iranian regime saw the increase presence of American forces in the Persian Gulf as a perceived threat to its interests resulting in the attacks. Ergo, this conflict was not completely occasional nor was it unavoidable as it had been on the offing for a while. In this extol, the Security Council had failed to check the rising tension between the two states. As a body whose primary task is maintaining world peace and stability it had failed to contain such a conflict which could have been resolved had it played a more active role in mediation between the states.III. Article 2(4) The Blind-spotArticle 2(4) of the UN Charter readsThis purvey of the Charter however, finds itself lacking and is ill-equipped to consider a rather important aspect international gird conflict. Its blind-spot it has no provisions for prohibition of military threats or the threat of use of force.The eye socket of article 2(4) is limited to actual use of military force and threats to implement economic or political sanctions are beyond it.According to the ecumenic scheme of the UN charter, a violation of Ar. 2(4) whitethorn be justified only on two grounds repair to self defence and laterality by the UNSC. This brings us to the moot apparent motion Are states free to reward to threats when no armed attack has actually occurred? This question has been left unreciprocated and its outcome the m some(prenominal) wars fought even after the UN Charter was adopted. Two gross(a) examples of such a situation arose in Europe in August, 1914, the low gear of the First World War and again during the Second World War. The que stion before a nation is whether to ignore the military threat or to offspring a counter-threat. In such a situation when one party is advantaged by overwhelming military threat, the threat involved depart become lopsided and there will not be any real escalation or build-up of bilateral tension.Any country will evermore place self-defence on a higher footing as compared to a policy of self-restraint considering the demands of national security. The prohibition on the use of force is found both in customary international law and, as verbalize above, in Article 2(4) of the UN Charter. According to the UN Charter a state is not allowed to use force as a response to any intervention that falls short of an armed attack. The criterions established for the deterrent example of such retaliatory force include requirements that the force used must be necessary to repel the armed attack it must be absolutely unavoidable and the force used must be proportionate. The Nicaragua decision Ca se Concerning Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. USA) echoed this principle.Article 51 carrying forward from Article 2(4) too recognizes states right to act in individual and collective self-defence if an armed attack is suffered by any member-state of the UN. Under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, force may also be used to preserve or restore international peace and security in accordance with decisions of the UN Security Council.In the Nicaragua case, the flirt rejected US arguments that US support for military and paramilitary activities in and against Nicaragua could be justified on a basis of collective self-defence. These activities include certain activity of the contras in Nicaragua, including specified attacks, secret mine-laying, and a condescension craftsmanship stoppage imposed by the US against Nicaragua. The dally found the United States was in breach inter-alia of its obligations under customary international law not to intervene in the a ffairs of another State, not to violate the reign of another State, not to interrupt peaceful maritime commerce and not to use force against another State. The US had also violated bilateral obligations to Nicaragua under a 1956 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of Nicaragua. In the Nicaragua case the US chose not to place before the Court during proceedings on the merits of the case. The Courts jurisdiction was founded on the United States 1946 declaration of acceptance of the Courts jurisdiction under Article 36(2) of the Statute of the Court, as well as on the bilateral 1956 Treaty.IV. The JudgementThe approach taken by the International Court of Justice in the Oil Platforms case was controversial. In respect of Irans claim, the Court decided to address the question of whether the US attacks on Iranian oil platforms fell within Article XX(1)(d), before moving on to considerwhether there had been a breach of Articl e X(1) as requestedby Iran. In exa mine the application of Article XX(1)(d) the Courtdecided to focus on whether US recourse to force had been logicalwith international law on self-defence. The Court reasoned that evena provision protecting national security interests could not have beenintended to sanction the use of force inconsistently with relevant internationallaw. The Court proceeded to find that the US had exceededthe boundaries of international law on the use of force, and this disposedof the US claim that it was protected by Article XX(1)(d). In this way, the case centred on the illegality of the usage of force by the US.Recalling the discussion Article 2(4), the Court found that the US had failed to produce equal evidence to prove an Iranian armed attack in the case of the Sea Isle City and the Samuel B. Roberts. The evidence furnished by the US was so inconclusive that the Court did not discount the possibility of the attacks being carried out by Iraq.The Court noted th at the Sea Isle City, at the time of the attack, was in Kuwaiti waters and the missile was launched on to it from a distance of over a hundred kilometres. The target of the missile, considering the great distance, could not have been pre-determined and it could have been intended to strike just about any target in Kuwaiti waters. With regard to the impugned mine-laying activities of Iran, the Court was again discontented with the evidence provided. There was no conclusive evidence to prove that the mine struck by the USS Samuel B. Roberts was indeed an Iranian one. The region at that time was in a state of turmoil. Both parties were engaged in mining the conflict zone and merely because the impugned mines bore numbers matching an Iranian series, Iran can not be held guilty.Whilst leaving room for speculation with the issue of the origin of the mines, the Court felt that even if they had actually been of Iranian origin, the US attacks on the Salman and Nasr complexes were unjustifie d. Recalling the Nicaragua decision, the Court opined that the Iranian attacks, if at all they were Iranian, did not chuck out as the most(prenominal) grave form of the use of force and the US can not claim the defence of inherent right of self-defence.The US contended that the oil platforms were being used as military bases by Iran and were being used for the collection and reporting of intelligence on passage vessels. In this regard too, the Court found the American evidence lacking. even so if the accusations against Iran had been true, the Court opined that the attacks made on the platforms could not have been justified as acts of self-defence. The criteria for claiming the defence of self-defence had been established by the Court while acting in its advisory role in the case of Legality of the holy terror or Use of Nuclear Weapons they were necessity and symmetry. The US had failed to make out a sufficient cause on both grounds.The Court noted that the attacks on the plat forms were not necessary as a response to the attacks on the American vessels and the US admitted to have attacked them as a target of opportunity and not as pre-determined military targets. While the US attack on the Reshadat and Resalat complexes might have been considered proportionate if it had been found to be necessary, the Court made clear its view that the US attack on the Salman and Nasr platforms could not be regarded as meeting the criterion of proportionality. Although the Samuel B. Roberts had been severely damaged it had not been sunk and there had been no loss of life. The Court concluded that as the US attacks on the Iranian oil platform were not consistent with these requirements of international law on self-defence they could not be found to fall within the protection of Article XX(1)(d) of the Treaty of Amity.Only at this point did the US get some reprieve when the Court morose to the Iranian accusation of the US having breached Article X(1) of the Treaty of Amit y by interfering with the freedom of commerce and navigation between the territories of the two parties. The Court found that Iran had failed to establish that the US had breached Article X(1) on the occasion of either of the attacks at issue. In respect of the first US attack, on the Reshadat and Resalat platforms, the Court reached this conclusion primarily on the basis that these platforms had been put out of relegating by earlier Iraqi attacks and were not producing oil at the time. so there was no interference with commerce in oil. In respect of the second US attack, on the Salman and Nasr platforms, the Courts reasoning was that the US had already stop all direct oil imports from Iran under an embargo imposed by Executive Order. Therefore, no interference with commerce in oil had resulted from this second attack. The Court emphasised that Article X(1) applied only to protect freedom of commerce and navigation between the territories of the two parties, and its protection di d not handle to indirect commerce in oil that continued despite the embargo via the territories of third parties. Accordingly, neither of the US attacks on the Iranian Oil Platforms was found to have interfered with freedom of commerce in oil. The US counterclaim against Iran withal failed because none of the affected vessels was engaged in commerce or navigation between the territories of the two parties.Summing the case, in its dispositif at the end of its judgment, the Court stated that, by fourteen votes to two, itFinds the actions of the United States of America against Iranian oil platforms on 19 October 1987 and 18 April 1988 cannot be justified as measures necessary to protect the essential security interests of the United States of America under Article XX, dissever 1(d), of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights between the United States of America and Iran, as interpreted in the illuminate of international law on the use of force finds furthe r that the Court cannot however uphold the submission of the Islamic Republic of Iran that those actions constitute a breach of the obligations of the United States of America under Article X, paragraph 1, of that Treaty, regarding freedom of commerce between the territories of the parties, and that, accordingly, the claim of the Islamic Republic of Iran for reparation also cannot be upheld.V. CommentsThe Oil Platforms case is of immense significance in present times in light of the growing military activities of the US in the Middle East, especially in Iraq and Afghanistan. However, its detractors criticise the judgment by stating that it laid too little magnificence on the aspect of trade and commerce and the role it plays in armed conflict. This can not be ignored completely after all, most battles are fought with a hidden economic interest for atleast one of the parties. The take issue judges opined that the Court let pass an opportunity for more extensive engagement with si gnificant questions associated with the effects of armed conflict on trade and commercial activity. But, this cases primary focus was the use of force and in the mentation of the researcher it has done absolute justice in establishing its principle. The conditions of necessity and proportionality have not only been reinforced by the Court but also been developed to address the growing concerns of armed conflicts between states.As the future of Afghanistan and Iraq unfold before us and American interest in Irans affairs rises, the contribution of the judgment in the Oil Platforms case can not be ignored. It shall be the judge in assessing US activities in the region and will assist in developing the yard-stick of the usage of force. In a way future military activities of the US and other NATO assort will be moulded by it, ensuring a more secure world.BibliographyHarris D.J., Cases and Materials on International Law, Sweet Maxwell, London, 6th edition.Goodrich Leland, Hanbro Eward, Simmons Anne, Charter of the UN commentary Documents, Oxford University Press, 3rd edition.Sturchler Nikolas, The bane of force in International Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007. commonplace List No 90, I.C.J. Reports 2003Sturchler Nikolas, The curse of force in International Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007.See the Courts Order dated twelfth December, 1996. fancy of the Court, para 23.Counter-Memorial of the United States, Exhibit 9, referred to in the Separate tone of Judge Kooijmans, para 11.See the Courts conception of 24 May 1980 in the Case Concerning United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran.Judgment of the Court, para 23ff Separate Opinion of Judge Kooijmans, para 5ff.Goodrich Leland, Hanbro Eward, Simmons Anne, Charter of the UN Commentary Documents, Oxford University Press, 3rd edition, p. 49.Supra n.2Sturchler Nikolas, The Threat of force in International Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007.General List no.70 , Judgment of the Court of 27th June, 1986.Ibid.Judgment of the Court, para 61.Ibid., para 72.Ibid., para 64.Judgment of the Court, para. 71.Judgment of the Court, para. 64.Judgment of the Court, para. 74.ICJ Reports 1996 (I), p. 245, para.41.Judgment of the Court, para. 76.Judgment of the Court, para. 77.Judgment of the Court, para. 92ff.Judgment of the Court, para. 94ff.Separate Opinion of Judge Higgins para 51.

Historical And Contemporary Examples Of Moral Panic Criminology Essay

Historical And Contemporary Examples Of Moral timidity Criminology EssayMods, rockers, teddy boys, Muslims, the Irish, Hoodys, ingroupster rap, hip hop, raves, enthusiasm, Victorian garrotters, muggers, video games, gang culture, the Miners, single mothers, children, benefit scroungers and an infinite more have been victims of clean timiditys. Fundamentally, the design of good disquietude is a tool that is utilised to maintain the kind order. Moral panics atomic number 18 an inaccurate or exagg timeted accounts of events that are utilize to issues that stand verbotenside of the dominant norms and values of fraternity, in an sweat to fake globe opinion ab step forward an issue, or a type of individual, or a certain group of people which in turn constructs cast out identities and behaviours as creation located distant of the deterrent example boundaries. This often results in behaviours being criminalised. It likewise leads to jurisprudences and justice being re defined in the light of a moral panic. The most obvious one in terms of redefining the law is the trial-by-media case of the James Bulger murder by two-ten-year-old boys who through moral panic, do opinion which justify and legitimised the age to be tried as an mature be reduced to ten. Drawing first on Stanley Cohens deviancy amplification genus Helix model I will contextualise moral panic in sundry(a) contexts to provide evidence that moral panics are nothing new and are still a powerful method for maintaining the sociable order by stigmatising identities and defining the moral boundaries.On Whitsun bank holiday in the sixties in Clacton, a journalist observed a minor fuss between the Mods in their Mo-hair suits and the leather-clad Rockers. However, this minor dispute was a very opposite event according to the reports the spare-time activity day that the severity hit alter the headlines of national papers The Daily Ex mechanical press Beat Up townspeople 97 Leather Jack et Arrests, The Daily Mirror Wild Ones occupy Seaside 97 Arrests, in Belgium West Side Story on the English Coast as the story took the mass media by tempest on a global scale (Cohen, 200218). Such deviancy was amplified as what was firm enough a youth subculture spiral lead out of control thus booster cable to this initial myth becoming a reality providing justification for the prejudicious label connected as these skirmishes turned to riots on the beaches thereby becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy in the media and incidentally saw the subcultural gangs increasing rivalry.Similarly, the mid-seventies produced moral panics ring race and ethnicity as the negative stigma attached to Irishmen began to be linked with terrorism and by and by treated disproportionately in the media. This occurs today towards Muslims who are the focus of intrigue, suspicion and fear following 9/11 attacks in the U.S.A. This is discursively rooted in the fear of the opposite from the early 1970 s which defined and constructed a new crime hold up and the falsified criminal identity of mugger which were young black men (Hall, Critcher, Jefferson and Clarke, 197874). The headline A Judge Cracks Down on Muggers In City of Fear led Hall et al. to argue that the only when actors privy to information are the police, the media and the ventriloquist of a Judge upholding the moral framework thus the primary definers are the first-hand and only eye-witness to the said crime (The Daily Mirror, 26 September, 1972 in Hall et al. 197875). In sentencing the three (innocent) black youths to three years the judge said it was in the public interest as a deterrent measure. The Daily Mirrors tower back up this claiming that Judge Hines is proper(ip) if mugging is not to get out of hand as it has in America, punishment must be nifty and certain. This moral panic justified new policies giving police the right to stop and search young black men without due reason. In protest, this spiralled into riots which justified the moral panic as a reality and legitimised the subsequent disproportionate black male over-representation in prison. Thompson claimed the central reason for this preposterous construction was to distract public attention away from Britains serious economic downturn which was said to be on the edge of bankruptcy (Thompson, 199746).Thus moral panics became attri furthered to a condition, episode, person or group of persons emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values and interests (Cohen, 19729, cited by Hall et al, 197816).The underpinning of moral panic as the articulation of the political, the judicial and the media was toward social control of anything that trim down out of alignment with the dominant norms. Britains exceptionally high rate of moral panic is therefore a political and moral programme created to re-regulate social change specific to social pluralism and fragmentation of identity. Furthermore, moral panics are created when a serious national, political or economic issue needs to be masked as in the stereotyping of black youths and more recently Muslims. tally by media notably increased in the 1980s and 1990s high spot the enormity of political implications in terms of the Othering of diverse identities, aided by global media moguls like Rupert Murdoch. However, the tensions between enterprise and heritage undermined the extent to which audiences watch representations of intelligence activity or entertainment. While many would be happy to disagree, Thompson argues from the right-wing stance the positives of The Sun newspaper, which represents white working class Britain, overtly supported the ideologies of the New Right thus manipulating its readers to re-elect the Conservative party until 1997 (Thompson, 199747).Parents who act theology like with their childrens life underpins parents moral panic of the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) when tear between the damage caused by measles, and the au tism said to be inseparable in the MMR vaccine. Similarly, moral panic surrounds the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination to celebrate a type of cervical cancer in women. Anxiety was exacerbated following the death of a cardinal-year-old who health experts say had a major underlying complication. Yet the alternative is allowing a miss to contract cancer.Whatever stands outside of the dominant norms that define natural, normal and moral is vulnerable to moral panic (Thompson, 199872). Homosexuality is no exception and the moral panic surrounding human immunodeficiency virus and Aids threw aside all taboos when mediating exaggerated tales that blamed a extremely promiscuous gay culture. Prostitutes and drug addicts sharing needles posed an equal threat as by 1995, 75 per cent were infected via heterosexual transmittance (World Health Organisation in Benson, 1997152). Benson argues that although stigma of HIV and AIDs is usual everywhere, in western societies it attaches to a particular stigmatised identity such as an addict, a prostitute or a gay man which is subsequently classified as symbolic by association and not unintended as in other locations such as Africa. Ultimately, it elevated anxieties as the risk of partners being secretly bisexual, unfaithful or gay. These anxieties were imbedded in media portrayals of the unhealthiness thereby creating an epidemic of signification (Treichler, 1987, in Benson, 1997153).This anxiety was well-founded as by the end of 2008, women represented 50% of the 33.1 million infected adults ecumenic (http//www.avert.org/worldstats.htm). Again, moral panic surrounding sexual deviance is not a new phenomenon as syphilis was rife in the Victorian era alongside the Victorian gin drinkers which can be likened to the binge drinkers of today.Drugs also form contemporary moral panics, this time Ecstasy which emanated from the death of Leah Betts, daughter of a police officer. As Daly (1997) reports the campaign that emerg ed took form in lusus naturae posters with a smiling Leah and the words Sorted as well as a picture of Leah on her deathbed. This circulated to all the national press to fix the harms of ecstasy, despite coroners reports claiming ecstasy was not a cause to her death. Soon after, role player Brian Harvey became the scapegoat when claiming he enjoyed Ecstasy which promptly saw to the demise of the melodious band East 17. This was despite research by BBCs Horizon aggroup proving that alcohol, tobacco and even aspirin are more dangerous than ecstasy and that if these were rated within the ABC classification, alcohol would become a Class A drug (Horizon, 2008, Ecstasy or Alcohol www.bbc.co.uk).Alcohol underpins moral panics surrounding the Street Rats, as defined by one teenagers description of the Bluewater shop centres stereotypical drinking, smoking, swearing Hoody (Barkham, The Guardian, 14th May 2005). Britains youth are cease littlely demonised and alienated by ongoing moral panics that have justified the installation of pigeon alarms in shopping centres which send out a low relative frequency noise that only the under-25s can hear thus driving youths out of the area, in which they once congregated (Barnett, 2006, in Mooney and Talbot, 201049). The demise of youth clubs, recreation centres and prohibition era from parks renders young people with nowhere to go. There is no analogy therefore that moral panic coupled with increasing policing and surveillance has justified the current incarceration of 60,000 children throughout Britain (Goldson and Coles, 20051).Alongside stern penalties for the parents of truanting children and antisocial behaviour orders (ASBOs) are the demonization of parents of teenage mothers. The Williams sisters all got pregnant during school, with the first being just twelve (The Evening Standard, 23rd May, 2005). The other two daughters were fourteen and sixteen respectively followed suit and all shared the three chamber house with their divorced mother who blamed school-based sex education. The moral panic focused on their collective annual receipt of thirty chiliad pounds in benefits and absence of financial support from the fathers. Currently in todays gild the mediating of moral panics have taken on new forms like TV chat shows such as Jeremy Kyle and Trisha.Ultimately, moral panics are deployed in an attempt to divert attention from the inequalities both structural and material that are inherent within neo-liberal societies such as the UK (Drake, Muncie Westmarland, 201027). Thus they target on the less privileged in society and seem to ignore the seemingly unattackable elite members of parliament who are proven to have transcended moral boundaries when steal tax payers hard-earned money when fiddling their expenses as revealed through much publicised unravelling throughout 2009.In conclusion, the evidence above reveals that moral panics are not a new phenomena as they have been a tool utilise d to negatively construct stigmatised identities in conjunction with media and political rhetoric that shapes public opinion, that justifies the subsequent policies that discursively marginalise such social groups to prevent the normalisation of such deviance that would drain society. Many think it is a peculiar world that prefers children and young people to be cold and no monthlong wrap up warm to avoid being demonised or arrested for loitering in charge of a Hoody an item of clothing. It is dangerous when making parents gamble on their childrens lives. Nevertheless, when analysing society in relation to moral panic, it just goes to show that the deregulated press are able to write anything about minority groups in society that demonises, targets, punishes and criminalises discursively according to class, race, gender, age, religion and sexuality. Overall it would appear that moral panic is not a new concept it has been around for centuries with people pass judgment it as soc ietys aberrant ways. Today we have given it a name, but it does not alter the fact that it is nothing new.Bibliography-Moral Panic is nothing new. plow this statement using historical and contemporary examples of moral panic. Word believe 1,843Barnett, L, 2006 We Are Not Pigeons in the Borehamwood Elstree Times, 9th March, 2006Benson, S, 1997, The Body, Health and Eating Disorders in Woodward, K. 1997 individuality and Difference, London, Routledge.Cohen, S, 2002, Folk Devils and Moral Panics, 2nd Edition 2002, London, Routledge.Drake, D., Muncie, J. Westmarland, L, 2009, Criminal Justice local and Global, Devon, Willan PublishingGoldson, B. Coles, D, 2005, In the Care of the State, London, Inquest.Hall, S., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clarke, J. Roberts, B, 1978, Policing the Crisis Mugging, the State and Law and Order, London and Basingstoke, Macmillanhttp//www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-18811322-teenage-mothers-on-30000-of-benefits.dohttp//www.avert.org/worldstats.h tmhttp//www.independent.co.uk/news/ecstasy-and-leah-betts-the-bouncers-tale-1266192.htmlhttp//www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/may/14/ukcrime.immigrationpolicyMooney, G. Talbot, D, 2010 Global Cities, Segregation and Transgression, in Muncie, J., Talbot, D. Walters, R Crime Local and Global, Devon, Willan PublishingThompson, K, 1998, Moral Panics, London, Routledge.Treichler, P, 1987, AIDS, Homophobia and Biomedical Discourse An epiphytotic of Signification, Cultural Studies Vol.1, No.43, pp.31-70

Essay --

There is compelling inference that cognitive dysfunction is inherent to Parkinsons disease (PD) (Aarsland et al. 2003 Aarsland et al. 2007a Aarsland et al. 2010a). Clinical manifestations of cognitive deterioration in PD range from slight deficits -only demonstrable by means of comprehensive neuropsychological testing - up to dementia (Muslimovic et al. 2005 Aarsland et al. 2009 Foltynie et al. 2004).From the soonest stages of the disease, including drug-nave subjects, patients suffering from PD may show cognitive impairment (CI). This eject be restricted to a single domain or affects ten-fold cognitive domains (Muslimovic et al. 2005 Foltynie et al. 2004). Based on recent longitudinal studies, there is slightly evidence suggesting that, along the evolution of the disease, a subgroup of patients presenting defects on distinct cognitive domains will eventually deteriorate to the point of dementia associated to PD (PDD) (Aarsland et al. 2003 Buter et al. 2008 Hely et al. 2008 Emre et al. 2007). scratch line on a similar theoretical approach than those used for MCI in Alzheimers disease (AD) -where early cognitive deterioration linearly submit to dementia- (Petersen et al. 2001a Petersen et al. 2001b) an operative redefinition of the construct of MCI in PD has been proposed to identify and diagnose these initial cognitive deficits as early indicators of PDD (Caviness et al. 2007).Historically, MCI has been considered as the transitional stage amongst normality to dementia, based on the measurable presence of cognitive dysfunctions in single or multiple cognitive domains without concurring disabilities on activities of fooling living (Petersen 2004). MCI in AD usually follows a linear improvement from subtle deficits to dementia (... ...mild cognitive impairment to dementia in PD patients is characterized by the addition of cortical-type cognitive deficits atop a prominent and modernized frontal-striatal dysfunction. Besides the search for biomarkers, a usefulness definition and development of diagnostic criteria for PD-MCI, should consider to (i) delimitate the heterogeneous cognitive deficit of PD and how we give the axe accurately assess it in large sample of PD subjects (ii) put in with prospective studies whether the prognostic value of the severity and the nature of the cognitive deficits (iii) come a consensus of the minimum of cognitive tasks and instruments to assess cognition in PD and finally, (iv) delimitate the role played by common PD-related neuropsychiatric features such(prenominal) apathy or visual hallucinations as early markers of dementia in absence of evident neuropsychological impairment.

Mysticism in D. H. Lawrences A Fragment of Stained Glass Essay example

Mysticism in D. H. Lawrences A crack of Stained Glass mysterious ideas active heaven, hell, angels, and the devil have been present in human lives for virtually of history. While some people simply take what is given to them without considering what else mightiness be out there, others have faith in higher existences and ingest that support to survive. A Fragment of Stained Glass by D. H. Lawrence delves into the alleged(prenominal) beliefs of a mystical world outside our own material world. Lawrence develops these ideas by using a phase story that does not truly break off itself to the ref until the end of the story. Understanding the underlying details that tie the frame story together is one of the hardest elements of the story to grasp. While the story may be confusing, using a frame story allows Lawrence to show the reader that mysticism lies within the eyes of the beholder. The frame story describes an exchange amongst the narrator and the vicar of the town Bea uvale in England. The narrator has come to learn about the book that the vicar is writing, which is a compilation of stories about the English people and their own(prenominal) encounters with non-worldly beings. The vicar reads the narrator a story about monks who lived in Beauvale in the fifteenth century and their encounter with what they believe is a devil. The monks look up from praying in the church to find a devil prying away at their window. The narrator, however, does not dwell on this story instead, he moves on to expect about the book the vicar is writing. In moving past this initial story, Lawrence sets up the frame story, but the reader is left to wonder how the story of the monks testament connect with the inner story. The vicar subsequently begins telling the narrato... ...ld not have think that spirituality within the beholder affects the way in which individuals see the world. The pick up of these two groups of people to believe in a higher being or protec tor helped them to endure hardships by showing these actions, Lawrence brings new idle to the meaning behind faith. Works CitedBaim, Joseph. Past and Present in D. H. Lawrences A Fragment of Stained Glass. Studies in bypass Fiction. Newberry, South Carolina The State Printing Co., 1971. 323-326. Baker, P. G. By the Help of Certain Notes A Source for D. H. Lawrences A Fragment of Stained Glass. Studies in Short Fiction. Newberry, South Carolina The R.L. Bryan Company, 1980. 317-326. Lawrence, D. H. A Fragment of Stained Glass. The Complete Short Stories Volume 1. New York Viking Press, 1922. 187-196.

Ethanol Proposal Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays Gas

Ethanol ProposalPurposeAs the number toxin spewing cars rises, befoulment has presented itself as a major problem in urban argonas. on that point maintain been many solutions presented to help solve this problem, but few hold been widely accepted by the general public. I believe the taint problem is one that cannot be solved in one larger-than-life step, but in smaller steps. I see Ethanol usage as one of those steps. The intention of this proposal is to recommend an approach that would range to widespread use of neutral spirits.BackgroundConcern ab start credit line musical note has been around for years. Emissions have long since been a contributing factor to air contamination. Ethanol didnt get its first real big push until the national Clean Air Acts of 1990. These acts required that oxygenated furnishs, such as ethanol, be added to accelerator pedal to reduce harmful emissions such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, sulfur, and nitrates. So utmost these acts only apply to cities in which ozone and carbon monoxide levels are too high, as determined by the public health standards. Ozone and carbon monoxide are unhealthful in certain levels to humans outside of urban areas, but are not regulated.NeedsThe search for a cleaner burning fuel is not a new one. Although most people know that they?re cars are spewing out toxins that are harmful to the environment, they drive the car anyway. In this modern day when faster is better, cars have become necessities. Air pollution caused by cars hasn?t always been such a big problem. When in that respect were fewer cars on the road, nobody thought anything about the possible consequences. non thinking ahead has always been human nature though. Environment concerns have only arisen in the past few decades because technology has allowed scientist to m... ...is a take product of corn and many other crops), the federal budget and the unemployment rate. implementation and RecommendationImplementation of a tax break such as this would require action taken by the general public who is already knowledgeable about ethanol. These people must take the time to constitute their state and nationally elected representatives and ask for such a blossom that would include the two-cent tax incentive. People must also vote for ethanol supporters when election time rolls around. Since this is a political proposal, it must be carried out by elected officials and then be supported by the public.Sources Cited1.Iowa plane section of Natural Resources, Ethanol Promotion, 1999www.state.ia.us/government/dnr/energy/programs/ren/ethanol.htm2. Renewable Fuels Association, Ethanol industriousness Outlook, 1998www.enthanolIRFA.org

Readers Find Simple Faith in Karons Books Essay -- Jan Karons Mitfor

Readers Find Simple Faith in Karons BooksSince 1994 Jan Karons Mitford series of novels has sold more(prenominal) than three million copies, with the latest, A current Song, occupying the number one attitude on Amazon.coms list during the last week of April this year (Jones 71). The Mitford gives focus on inspirational stories, spiritual themes, and small town humor. Readers identify with the realistic characters in the stories. Rogene Kellar, 83, in a untestedsweek article said she has register each book four times. Kellar further remarked, I think you feel better having read them, but its not goody-goody. Kellars daughter, Carol Montgomery 57, said, It gives you peace. The Mitford books enjoy a pastime of devoted readers and have also become marketable in some other way. Hallmark plans to release the Mitford collection of greeting cards and collectible knick-knacks soon. Penguin Books publishes a quarterly Mitford reading group discussion guide and the newsletter, More from Mitford. Additionally, value womens magazines such(prenominal) as Victoria have retained Karon as source in Residence publishing pieces of short fiction about Mitford. However, patronage all of the attention, some readers want more of Karon. Lauren Winner in a recent article, Karons Agenda, published in Christianity Today finds The Mitford books are strikingly grieving of anything controversial--no women priests or church wardens, for example, are ever mentioned, nor is the issue that is currently glum to divide the Episcopal church in America--homosexuality. . . .I believe Karon would only do her readers a service by tackling these admittedly explosive questions head-on. (Winner 65)Winner asserts Karon avoids such issues in the books presumably because they... ..., but they remain the issues that most, common, citizens face in their communities. So perhaps a simple, day-to-day faith is sufficient after all. plant life CitedJones, Malcolm. Touched by Angels. Newsweek May 3, 1999 71-72. Karon, Jan. At Home in Mitford. New York Penguin Books, 1994. Karon, Jan. A Light in the Window. New York Penguin Books, 1995. Kaorn, Jan. These High, Green Hills. New York Penguin Books, 1996. Karon, Jan. unwrap to Canaan. New York Penguin Books, 1997. Karon, Jan. A New Song. New York Viking Books, 1999. The Student Bible New International Version. Grand Rapids Zondervan Bible Publishers, 1986. Tompkins, Jane. Sensational Designs The Cultural Work of American Fiction 1790- 1860. New York Oxford University Press, 1985. Winner, Lauren. Karons Agenda. Christianity Today July 12, 1999 64-65.

The Threat of Language :: Essays Papers

The Threat of Language the States is a farming that promotes the image of diversity among its citizens. This diversity is what makes American unique and different from any(prenominal) other country in the world. As years pass the social population of the United States grows at a rate comparable to the upper berth at which a bullet flies. With so many different cultures and languages coexistent within the boundaries of this nation, a question arises. Do languages other than incline adventure Americans ability to unite soci bothy, politically, and economically?Richard Rodriguez is a ameliorate example of an immigrant that came to American with his family and didnt know any side. Starting when he was a young child Rodriguez had a very difficult snip making friends and feeling comfortable give away in public. This was because he didnt know how to communicate with people outside his home. Richard realized that the only substance for him to break this social barrier was to be able to speak English like everyone else. Rodriguez was not just able to learn English and he also was able to gain his own individuality with out loosing his ethnic minimize. The bilingualists insist that a student should be reminded of his difference from others in mass society, his heritage. But they equate mere separateness with individuality. Rodriguez regained his individuality when he was able to communicate and express himself to the community in which he lived. With the animate being of the English language under his belt Rodriguez was able to succeed and handle with others his experiences and feelings.Is it necessary for people of different cultures and languages to be able to speak English in order to succeed in America? Should their ethnic background be sacrificed in order to fit into American society? The U.S. segment of Education enacted the Lau decision to increase funding for bilingual education all over America. Many immigrants felt that this increa sed funding wasnt dowry to teach the children well enough. In one case a Chinese man in San Francisco complained that his children were at a disadvantage, both socially and economically because they werent being taught English adequately. The statistics are staggering regarding the success grade of minorities throughout high school and college. A report by the American Council of Education states that 50 percent of all Hispanic youths in America drop out of high school, and only 7 percent block college.

Anne Frank Essays -- essays research papers

The diary of Anne wienerwurst, written over a two-year period, tells almost her life while she and her family argon in hiding in Holland. They are staying in a secret attic of the office building where Mr. Frank used to work in order to escape from the Nazis during World contend II. During their stay in the annex, they are supported by several large number in the office building, who risk their own lives to insure the secrecy of the Jewish hideout and to provide them with food and basic supplies. Much of Annes diary tells most the daily routine of the occupants of the attic. It also describes in detail the characters of Annes father, mother, and sister, as headspring as the characters of the three Van Daans and Mr. Dussel, who share the attic with them. Annes difficult business office is made more complicated by her own adolescence. Her maturing process, coupled with the misery of her cramped quarters and her never-ending fear of discovery and capture, is clearly seen in th e pages of the diary. She tells of the conflicts she has with her mother and sister, the support she receives from her father, the love that develops between her and Peter Van Daan, the constant bickering of the inhabitants of the attic, and the deprivations that she must endure while in hiding. She also gives a detailed accounting of what is occurring in the war, especially in Holland, and reflects upon her past life. The square(a) and simple diary is filled with conflicting emotions, ranging from depress...

Listening Report Essay -- essays research papers fc

Concert Analysis Songs Around the WordI stand Thee by Allen Ridout1.Gregorian strengthen consists of a single- rootd melody and is monophonic in texture. This piece also consists of these basic structures as well as not having any harmory or counterpoint. This piece performed by U of I might member Steven Rickards, is sung a cappella.2.This piece differs from the traditional Gregorian cantillate of the Middle ages because of the jumps and leaps presented in the piece, which show that the piece was written after the period. other reason it differs from chant is because this is plainchant rather than Gregorian. It is also sung in English, rather than the traditional Latin text. Ahavant Olam by Ben Steinburg3.Cantillation, according to the Harvard Music Dictionary, is to chant or recite (a liturgical text) in a musical lagger recitation or reading with musical modulations. One of its features is that the piece is nifty out of the torah4.One of the master(prenominal) reasons why this piece has a Jewish sound is it is in minor key, giving it the drama of a Jewish piece. It also has a monotonic sound present. In some part of the piece, the singer embellishes some of the long syllables, reservation it melismatic. Mizi Westra did a great telephone line of bringing out the main idea of the text which is peace and love.5.The main role of the piano on this piece is to establish the melodic idea. The piano player, Amy Eggelston, lets the frankist take over but makes it like they are singing in concert. The pianist plays just as an important role as the vocalist, making her not an accompanist. Leit etter livet by Christian Sinding6.I believe that the piece is talking almost happiness and fulfillment. The piece is entitled Leit etter livet which translated means Seek after biography and Live it. The performer exemplifies this with his happy singing and the piano has an ascending line that also portrays happiness.Det forste by Edvard Grieg7.Mr. Samuelson inter prets the piece in a few ways. First, with his urgency. He displays his passion and oneness of the music. He uses lots of dynamics and also in some cases bends the pitch, which makes the piece more interesting. He also displays a gre... ...he violin. It was raspy in nature and did not flow with the violin. What really impress me about the duo of Hunt and Enzinger was their patience. They never cannonball along tempos and took their time with melodies, making the outcome a beautiful performance. The music was simple and could have been rushed but never did. Overall, this concert was very well put together and the musicians were very classy and talented. I wish we had that many talented musicians here at this university. I would recommend this concert to anyone who has an interest in vocal music.BibliographySacred sound and social change liturgical music in Jewish and Christian experienceByLawrence A Hoffman Janet Roland Walton Notre chick University of Notre Dame Press, 1992.T he Triumph of Pierrot, The Commedia dellArte and the Modern Imagination, Martin Green and John Swan, rev.ed. 1993, Penn State Press.The Life of Debussy compose Nichols, Roger 184 pagesPub. Date Jun 1998, Publisher Cambridge Univ PressJoseph machlis,Kristine Forney. The enjoyment of music. 9th edition.Ww Norton and company, 2003. new yorkWebsters Music vocabulary of music,