Graded Assignment: Characterization in Romeo and Juliet Essay

Now answer the seven questions below to demonstrate your understanding of Juliet’s character and some of the most important aspects of the play to this point. Be sure to answer each question fully and to the best of your ability, not only because this assignment will be graded, but also because detailed responses will be more helpful to you when you use this sheet to help you study for the upcoming Unit Test. Describe how Juliet’s mother behaves when she comes to inform Juliet about the arrangement her father made to have her marry Paris. How does Juliet’s mother’s behavior when Capulet gets angry at Juliet influence the way in which readers view Lady Capulet? Answer: She encourages Juliet to become aquatinted with Paris. When Lord Capulet became angry with Juliet for not wanting to marry, Lady Capulet won’t help her. When I read this, I wasn’t that surprised, because in the beginning she was not very close to her daughter. But it made me view Lady Capulet as a mean person. In what way is the Nurse different after the announcement of the marriage arranged between Juliet and Paris? How does the change in the Nurse affect Juliet? How does the change in the Nurse affect the way readers view her? Answer: The nurse now, does not believe in Juliet’s â€Å"love at first sight†. She now believes that she should forget about Romeo for her own benefit. The Nurse is now viewed as an antagonist. As Act III ends, Juliet heads off to Friar Laurence’s cell. What does the fact that she will not give in to what everyone wants her to do tell you about her character? Answer: She is very strong headed and kind of stubborn, and she will always still love Romeo. How does Juliet’s refusal to bow to the pressures exerted by her parents and the Nurse reinforce the idea that tragedy is the only outcome that can be expected from these circumstances? Answer: Because there is such a strict social â€Å"norm†, we know that Juliet’s rebellion was viewed as strong headedness, and that is not a desirable trait for a lady. When others turn from her, she will become desperate because she is so used to being catered to, and may act rash or dramatically. Describe the character of Mercutio and the impact that he has on the play, both in life and in death. Answer: Mercutio is smart, and well liked by most. He sets a good example for Romeo and Benvolio, he knows when it is time to fool around, and when life should be taken seriously. He is also calm and displays a confidence in his role, that gives people pause before they act harshly. Without Mercutio there to help his friends, the thoughts and actions they have become more rash. It is Tybalt’s slaying of Mercutio, and Romeo’s retaliation that leads to Romeo’s death. Describe the language that Shakespeare uses when Romeo and Juliet speak to one another, particularly when they first meet and in the Balcony Scene. How does their language help readers understand the depth of their love? Answer: The language they use is very decorative,he uses nature as descriptions of the love Romeo and Juliet share. There is also a polished or elegant almost quality to it, and you can tell that they have a deep commitment to each other. They use rhyme and metaphor, literary devices that make connections between ideas, emotions, and objects, that tells readers that they feel for each other deeply. Tybalt is portrayed as a villain in the play, and yet his death is not a positive event. Why is Tybalt’s death bad for Romeo and Juliet? Answer: Tybalt is killed by Romeo, to take revenge for the death of Mercutio. Romeo is sentenced to death, making it impossible for Romeo and Juliet’s to continue their relationship, and makes Juliet’s marriage to Paris almost certain.

Autism and Psychology

Autism: â€Å"Man is by nature a social animal; an individual who is unsocial naturally and not accidentally is either beneath our notice or more than human†¦ â€Å"(Aristotle, 328 B. C. in Aronson, 1995). We have been designed from birth to need and trust and socialize with one another in various ways. Yet, why is it so difficult for some but not for others. I have a four year old Autistic son that also has severe developmental delays due to prematurity and birthing complications. There are days that he gets frustrated at not even being able to communicate basic needs or just wants to be in his own world, left to his own device.That for anyone is rough, but knowing I am his mother makes it worse. Social interaction is such an important part of growing as not only a human being, but also for the brain. Even from the beginning of time man has leaned on the premise of needing that companionship and contact with the world around them. Being from the South, you are instructed and taught from day one to be cordial and have social interactions regularly with others in and out of your class, race, or religion. But what if you cannot convey and relate to the social customs? Does that mean you are to forever be labeled as a deviant, eccentric, or antisocial?If it is funding that you have mental issues you don’t discuss them or you are forever looked at as a child. Traditionally, that means that these individuals were ostracized, stigmatized and even eliminated for the good of the whole, as the compromised the very fabric of society by proposing to build a group of individuals, somewhat like a cult, that were interconnected forever( Aronson, 1995). Animal test subjects have been well conditioned to run through mazes or pressed bars for food or to avoid electric shocks administered by researchers; likewise humans comply within similar consequences.Furthermore, it has also been documented that behavior motivated by external consequences is relatively short-li ved, ceasing with the consequence is no longer available (Thompson, & Iwata, 2001). This can even be seen when a mother is watching her children, and then steps out. The children understand to behave in both situations and the latter situation may have a punishment if that direction is not followed properly. Yet, as soon as the mother steps out, the non-conformist child will misbehave, only because of the punishment, even if the other sibling(s) is behaving themselves properly.Something stops a child like this from comprehending why this is wrong and what is truly acceptable. This may be in part to some issues with the connections to neuro-transmitters or lack thereof. Often times these children are not even motivated by reward systems, they will continue to misbehave at some point even when the mother returns, almost challenging her. Therefore, they will never be in society as an integral part, but as part of the problem. This, however, is not true for Autistic children.They wish t o be the same, but again, the neuro-transmitters misfire and do not allow for them to ‘compare apples to oranges’. In 1943 Leo Kanner named such children as, socially withdrawn. He outlined the social disorder in 11 boys that he studied as an â€Å"autistic disturbance of affective contact† because of their apparent disinterest in other people and inability to be socially influenced (Kanner, 1943, in Frith, 1989). In spite of this, in 1984 the American Psychiatric Association, deemed this as a pervasive disorder, among others, and now it is simply known as Autism (APA, 1984).Over the past ten years Autism has been redefined again as the most complicated neurological disorder affecting the central nervous system of a large number of people. It is also the most confusing and pervasive of the developmental disorders as little is known for a cause, there is no cure, and treatments vary among individuals (Frith & Happe’, 1994). The typical stereotype of an indi vidual with autism describes a withdrawn, mute child with an inverted gaze engaged in repetitive activities or self-stimulatory behaviors, ASD or Autism Spectrum Disorder, ranges from severe to very mild(Mesibov & Burack, 2001).Yet, the ones that have such disorders, have recently been labeled as Autistic due to lack of social prowess and extreme knowledge and fixation on one profession. These subsets of children can often times appear normal within the first year but start regressing in knowledge and skill, or not improving or gain skills at all. Eventually, one can build a wall to even keep family out, or fixate on something so hard it becomes an obsession or routine that if stopped could be mentally, physically, and socially detrimental(Kennedy & Shukla, 1995).Although, it is also important to remember that individuals with ASD are not totally withdrawn, socially and may even interact from time to time, but this can be limited. I know as more going from hearing your child say â⠂¬ËœI love you’ and hug often, to once or twice week is difficult. The first time my son ran and hugged me and looked me in the eye was very emotional for me, but he did not understand. This leads to my next point: cognition. As I said before many ASD children do not understand emotions or are seldom empathetic. They may ask questions about the emotions you are showing but do not fully understand what you are telling them.This again is due to a misfiring of neuor-transmitters. That is why so many ASD children really like Thomas the Train. He teaches them emotions and what the facial expressions mean. My son now understand crying, anger, and excitement. Therefore, while they have a social desire, the interference in the cognitive system proves to be the main problem (Happe, 1999; Baron-Cohen, 1985; Dodge, 1980). Cognitive processing systems such as motivation, decision making and emotions are believed to be prompted when one responds to stimuli.These stimuli characterize the d ifferent mental states (desires, imagination, emotions, etc. ) that psychologists believe to be the cause of ones actions. Yet, without appropriately developed social cognition individuals have difficulty forming social relationships with others and this is evidenced by poor social behavior (Baron-Cohen, 2000). A study was designed to test this theory, and it found that 64% of individuals with ASD have first degree relatives with more extensive mental health issues, like major depression, and 39% had other social phobias (Smalley, et al, 1995).That being said, one can conclude that unlike other studies, ASD maybe a genetic disease mutated from other mental illness issues. This would also help the justice system that was once scandalized by improprieties of inmates due to a lack of knowledge. By understanding what type of ASD and the severity one can simply argue mental illness? Now I am not condoning every run out on the crazy defense, but if the shoe fits, why would we just put som eone who is innocent into the system as done years ago.Think of the good old days when one could be simply thrown in jail for no id or not talking but if you have a mentally ill or developmentally disabled individual, and you put them in an environment that is rough, harsh, and not anything like their routine, it is no wonder why we had so many inmate suicides and still do inmates slip through the cracks continuously. But we may never see that happen due to public opinion. We as a society look at children with developmental delays or ASD as animals. I find it sickening. Or we think the parent does not discipline the child.Yet, due to lack of cognitive understanding, it would gain to reason why one does not benefit from punishing this type of child; they simply do not understand and are eager to please. Some may disagree but my son’s doctor actually explained to us that anything more than timeout/cool down period would be over his head. Even taking away toys would be ineffecti ve. So the next time you are at a store take that into consideration. Now that I am off of my soapbox consider this: The acceptance of inadequacies in the empathizing process of individuals with Autism can offer more tolerance of the behaviors they display.Thus, they are not capable enough to calculate the conduct of others readily and we would expect an avoidance of impulsive situations. This is apparent in the outbursts and obsessive behaviors these individuals show in an effort to control and maintain routines in their environments (Dodge, 1980). Now some can point to sensory issues, needing to feel secure through various methods close to the five senses. A lot of the Autism community says that therapies for these aversions and how to cope will cause the ASD patient to understand, control, and manipulate to achieve a normal life.Nevertheless, the sensory struggles coincide with socio-emotional issues and are noted as early as infancy. Hence, the various longitudinal studies of in fants later diagnosed with autism show empty eye gaze, poor response to name, aloofness, reduced looking-at-faces, and deficits in directing attention (Mottron & Burack, 2001). And while it appears that these skills, as well as impairments in early social-communication skills and joint attention are present long before speech and mind blindness develop (Koegel & Mentis, 1985; Shanker, 2004; Wing & Gould, 1979).Additionally, developmental theories on attachment and affective responsiveness have suggested that children with impaired social emotional relating in infancy will not develop appropriate social understanding and as a result social interaction and communication skills will suffer (Kennedy & Shukla, 1995). In spite of that, Supporters of the theory of mind suggest that people with Autism lack the ability to comprehend thoughts and experiences that occur outside of themselves (Happe, 1991).While I can see that, since my son gets stuck on one thing that happened and will talk ab out it for months as though it happened yesterday, the difficulty in understanding the mental thoughts of others often results in bizarre communication patterns (Happe, 1999). Thus, blindness and a clear lack of meeting of the minds, also appears to interfere with the ability to identify with others or to understand another person's point of view (Shanker, 2004). So do we really know what people with Autism need, or are we just grabbing air in a world full of marshmallows? BibliographyAmerican Psychiatric Association DSM-IV (1984). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. ). American Psychiatric Association. Aronson, E. (1995). The social animal. (7th ed. ). New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Company. Baron-Cohen, S. (1985). Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. Baron-Cohen, S. (2000). Theory of mind and autism: A fifteen year review. In S. Baron-Cohen, H. Tager-Flusberg ; D. J. Cohen (Eds), Understanding other minds: perspectives from developmental cognitive neuroscience (pp. 3-20).Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dodge, K. (1980) Social cognition and children's aggressive behavior. Child Development. 51, 162-170. Frith, U. (1989). Autism: Explaining the enigma. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Frith, U. , & Happe, F. (1994). Autism: Beyond †theory of mind. † Cognition, 50, 115-132. Happe, F. (1991). The autobiographical writings of three asperger syndrome adults; problems of interpretation and implications for theory. In U. Frith (Ed. ), Autism and asperger syndrome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Happe, F. (1999). Autism: cognitive deficit or cognitive style.Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3, 6, 216-222. Kennedy, C. H. , & Shukla, S, (1995). Social interaction research for people with autism as a set of past, current, and emerging propositions. Behavioral Disorders, 21, 21-35. Koegel, R. L. , & Mentis, M. (1985). Motivation in childhood autism: Can they or won't they? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 26, 185-191. Mesibov, G. B. , Adams, L. W. , ; Klinger, L. G. (1997). Autism: Understanding the disorder. New York, NY: Plenum Press. Shanker, S. (2004). The roots of mindblindness.Theory ; Psychology, 14, 5, 685-703. Smalley SL, McCracken J, Tanguay P. (1995). Autism, affective disorders, and social phobia. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 27, 60, 1, 19-26. Thompson, R. H. , ; Iwata, B. A. (2001). A descriptive analysis of social consequences following problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 34, 169-178. Wing, L. , ; Gould, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: Epidemiology and classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 11-29.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration Essay - 1

Occupational Safety and Health Administration - Essay Example Safety and security of workers in the workplace are two fundamental aspects to account for. Employers are expected to ensure that employees undertake their duties in an environment that do not jeopardize their safety, health, security, and overall welfare. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) sets and enforces safety and health standards that should be adhered to in the workplace. Both employers and employees are expected to comply with OSHA provisions. OSHA undertakes time to time inspections in its bid to enforce the OSHA provisions. For my company, OSHA inspections are undertaken at least once every year. Some of OSHA’s inspections are impromptu, intended to capture the real scenario in the working environment. Ergonomics threats or injuries seem to trend upwards for the company. This is observed alongside cumulative trauma disorders that affect a significant portion of the workforce. The threats and injuries realized in the company are as a result of change s in the working systems that have seen the improvement of the manner in which employees undertake their duties. This threats and injuries are high before the employees fully familiarize with the improved systems. Amid this, violating OSHA can be avoided by ensuring that their continued implementation prior to making any changes in the company’s system of operation. In this respect, communication involves all the parties within the company, the external environment and the relevant agencies that deal with health safety implementation.

Hi Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hi - Assignment Example However, this does not support the argument that love is merely an addiction. The philosophical definition is that love is basically an intimate relationship which is based on honesty and sharing. On the other hand, any addiction is contrary to this intimacy involved in love. An addiction basically nullifies the possibility of knowing oneself. In other terms, an addict will not be in a position to know himself or herself. Without knowing oneself true love is impossible. Thus true love is not an addiction. Studies have suggested peculiar nuero transmissions in ventral pigmental area and Protrate Nucleus of the brains of lovers where Dopomine is produced. This hormone and its effects is related with the past experiences and present environment. This is where taking your loved one for a date in a park or to any place with appropriate ambience influences the relationship. The nuero transmissions are affected by these interactions causing the brain to respond accordingly. However, if these hormones act so that one losses one’s sense of identity and personal power, it turns to be love addiction. The responses that regulate the nuero transmissions will determine whether love turns to addiction. In other words, factors like taking your loved one for an exciting date would act as the external catalysts for these nuero

Response to an essay exam Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Response to an exam - Essay Example It is evident that believer may be losing the culture war to the non believers because of the continued decline in moral directions and the minimal religious liberty in the United States today. There are different flashpoints that have a greater contribution to the debate of whether God exists or not. Scientists have challenged the notion about the universe’s age. They strongly believe that it must be at least millions of years old while the bible estimates it to be less than ten thousand years old. A major contribution to this flashpoint was when astronomers came up with two systems of measurement to establish that near galaxies are millions of light years away. This brought a viewpoint different from that of believers that consider creation to have taken place in six days. This theory created another flash point of the big bang theory challenging the belief of how the universe was created. Scientist state that the universe was made with the big bang. It started from space then dispersing from each other formed the universe. George Gamow contribution to the culture war was by his theory that the universe may have formed from a hot beginning that would be cooled to form protons. However, he did not have a clear explanation of what caused the big bang. Christians, on the other hand, are sure that God created the universe and structured it specifically to be the way it is. (Edwin and Leigh, 2002) In evolution, Charles Darwin developed a materialistic view of the universe in which he stated that there is no God, only matter. He made the theoretical perception from Ivanivich Oparin’s study of how gases and water formed organic molecules when charged with electricity. Darwin states that the early life begun naturally and evolved to more complex forms as time passed by. Man evolved from animals like apes and monkeys and became more complex in body and mind over the years. He assessed that human beings are no different from animals and share similar

FINAL WRITING PROJECT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

FINAL WRITING PROJECT - Research Paper Example As a result, defendants do not have full access to their rights under the Sixth Amendment. Strickland v. Washington in 1984 depicts the problem of ineffective assistance. The US Supreme Court designed a two – prong test to set a standard for when counsel interfered with the rights of the defendant under the 6th Amendment. Despite the legal successes, practice is different. Missouri State Public Defender System (MSPDS) is a case of a system where public defenders are overworked, underpaid and insufficiently trained. This paper will first depict the development of the legal framework mandating every indigent defendant a right to counsel under the 6th Amendment. The cases Gideon v. Wainwright and Betts v. Brady will be discussed. Then, problems with effective counsel will be described and legal cases will be cited. The main case used will be Strickland v. Washington. Finally, MSPDS will be examined to argue that public defenders do not have adequate resources to properly prepare a case. Data on salaries, ratio of staff members and turnover rates will be used. John M. Walsh will be used as an example of an overworked defense attorney who ended up hurting not only his client, but also his entire career. The history of the 6th Amendment is often tracked to Gideon v. Wainwright. The case is important as the US Supreme Court ruled in favor of the petitioner, thus setting a precedent for all other courts across the USA. After Gideon v. Wainwright, every indigent defendant could refer to one’s rights established by this case. This case opened the door to other cases dealing with issues not directly pertaining to the right to counsel. These issues involve effective counsel and at what stage of the trial is the defendant entitled to receive assistance free of charge. Following paragraphs will describe how Gideon started the entire process by demanding access to his rights. Gideon was charged with and convicted of a misdemeanor. He â€Å"was charged in a

Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Marketing Plan - Essay Example The Brighter Cleaning Company offers janitorial equipment and cleaning solutions products for furniture and floors. The cleaning products and janitorial equipment help in keeping the work places clean and free from germs. The products can be categorized into three major areas: equipment, paper products and cleaning chemicals. The specific products include brooms, brushes, dustpans, chemicals, dust mops, dusters and cleaning pads. Additional products are floor and furniture care, janitorial carts, paper products, rags and wipes. The Brighter Cleaning Company also offers receptacles, personal care, trash bags, liners, recycling equipments and replacement parts. The aim of the marketing plan is to see that the market of the products increases thus increase in profit margin. An increase in profits will ensure that the shareholders’ returns increase. The marketing plan also aims to improve the return on investment of the company. The marketing plan will aim to minimize the cost that is associated with marketing while the same time ensuring efficiency. The costs to be reduced will include those that are related to lack of customers for the company’s products. United States of America enjoys a stable political condition, thus suitable for business. Being a super power country, it also experiences a great political favor from other different countries. In return, the products manufactured in the United States of America are easy to export to other countries. The policies that control the business in the country favors young businesses and have seen them flourish. The tax laws give the young businesses a grace period to which the business can grow. The business policies in the area also promote the issuance of subsidies to the young businesses thus promoting them. The levied tariffs are also fair; therefore, the business does not struggle to pay the taxes (Kotler & Levy, 1969). The company’s

Readings In Social Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Readings In Social Science - Essay Example Through adapting these works toward the social commentary of the day, we find that in the same article of work by The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy is that â€Å"Mill's defense of the view that we ought to pursue happiness because we do pursue happiness, has been the object of savage attack by, among others, F. H. Bradley in his Ethical Studies 1874 and G. E. Moore in Principia Ethica 1903.† This would be aptly served by the situation of today’s social policies in that it seems quite apparent in how his insight many years ago would have been a service to those governing today. â€Å"But others have argued that on this particular point, Mill was misinterpreted by his critics. His insistence that happiness was to be assessed not merely by quantity but by quality - the doctrine that a dissatisfied Socrates is not only better than a satisfied fool but somehow happier, too - has puzzled generations of commentators† (Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy). Taking the abo ve statement into consideration, it would be evident that the social system of governance that is clearly applicable today has been influenced partly in what Mill parlayed in his writings. It is a mandate of the social reformists to make society economically grounded through necessity and not indulgence. Adding to the fears of the time and how America was starting to engage in over-indulgences brought on by the industrial revolution, â€Å"Mill feared that it was also a society that cared nothing for individual liberty.†... Adding to the fears of the time and how America was starting to engage in over-indulgences brought on by the industrial revolution, "Mill feared that it was also a society that cared nothing for individual liberty." (Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy). This thinking would lead to a lack of "civil liberties" as Mill quoted in his writings On Liberty written in 1859. Through the lack of civil liberties "Mill lays down "one very simple principle" to govern the use of coercion in society - and by coercion he means both legal penalties and the operation of public opinion" (Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy) and through this analogy Mill points out that society needs to follow the utilitarian viewpoint on self-discretion and self-denial. Utilitarianism and Its Impact Utilitarianism is defined by the Bentham ideology a "a moral theory according to which an action is right if and only if it conforms to the principle of utility." (Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy) This basically means that an action is only correct in its definition if it relates to the consequences of that action. It is perceived that happiness of self applies to the welfare of self and utilitarian law implicates that happiness equates to the welfare of those best affected. The application of the word utilitarianism has been replaced by consequentialism by devotees of the movement. Mill's Theories of Influence It is apparent early philosophers had a great deal of influence over Mill and his social rhetoric on his viewpoints about social reform, but, there are those who have been guided by Mill themselves which include such individuals as: John Rawls, Robert Nozick, Karl Popper, Ronald Dworkin, H.L.A. Hart, Peter Singer. One such individual, John Rawls, was such a profound philosopher with respect

Henry Carey as an economist thinker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Henry Carey as an economist thinker - Essay Example The criteria that a particular society uses to answer these aspects shape the society’s nature and influence the best answers to these questions (Thompson, 2007). There a number of approaches used to manage economic activities of people living in a society. Whatever approach used, it is necessary to integrate or incorporate behavior of all members in the society. The economic thought history is a study of essential attempts to describe, analyze, and explain the relationships in idealized or actual economic system (Thompson, 2007). Time and life of Henry Carey A. A biography of Henry Carey 1793-1879 Henry Carey was the first son of Mathew Carey, who was an Irish freedom rebel. In the year 1817, Henry Carey became a partner in his father’s publishing company and later resigned from the firm to study economic matters. He published his first economic book in the same year, â€Å"Essay on the Rate of Wages†. ... The American Biography Dictionary affirms that Henry Carey â€Å"made the basic departure (from economic theories of British) of stating that the land gets its value from the resources spent on it†, and that employees’ wages increase at a higher rate than capital returns, therefore, attention towards â€Å" a progressive wealth diffusion amongst the poor in a society†. Following the economic and financial depression of the 1837 panic, Carey turned out to a vocal and fierce free trade opponents in the 1840s (Homestead, 2005). His first new economic statement was in his 1845 brochure â€Å"Commercial Associations in English and France† followed by â€Å"Past, Present, and Future† in 1848. Henry’s next edition was â€Å"The Harmony of Interests: Agricultural, Manufacturing & Commercial† in the year 1851, which is famous for its fierce and repeated attacks on economic doctrines of the British. He later turned his thought to the looming cri sis in America’s southern states in his 1853 book, â€Å" The Slave Trade, Domestic and Foreign† warning against the slave trade in of the British. Henry became one of the highest outstanding supporters of the Republican Party in the 1850s (Homestead, 2005). B. Demand-the reasons that society would desire and pay for the Henry Carey’s economic thoughts Henry Carey’s economic thoughts were of higher significance to the society. His two slogans, â€Å"Protection to American labor† and â€Å"Harmony of Interests† encapsulated his worldview. Henry Carey had a vision to the American society in which small developing and manufacturing towns would prosper across the land (Peskin, 2007). Society demanded his economic thoughts whereby, according to him

War in Vietnam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

War in Vietnam - Essay Example It is not the actual military defeat that hurt. It was the emotional defeat, the defeat of intelligence, the political defeat, the defeat of calculation, the defeat of the entire plan and purpose of the war that so staggered the nation that it is still trying to come to terms with the questions of the war to which different analysts are providing different answers (Mackubin Thomas Owens). Probably the best person to answer the Vietnam question was Ngo Dinh Diem who capably led the charge of South Vietnam. Like John F Kennedy, Diem too was a Roman Catholic. He successfully kept communism under control, sometimes brutally. However, in the process he angered the Buddhist monks who were part of the majority in Vietnam. He was seen as a protg of the Americans and he behaved like one. Nevertheless, as time went on, he was becoming increasingly isolated because of fears by some including the United States ambassador to Vietnam, Henry Cabot Lodge that he was leading a corrupt regime. The failure of the American intelligence to track the correct course and keep at it grated the final nail to the coffin with a very big hammer. Now the Americans are coming to realize that Diem was not such a bad fellow after all (Mackubin Thomas Owens). Journalists David Halberstam and Neil Sheehan depicted Diem in the most debilitating terms. Their account of Diem was so horrifying and unpleasant that a 1963 congressional mission described them as "arrogant, emotional, unobjective and ill-informed." One cannot fault Halberstam and Sheehan though. They were only faithfully and unwittingly reproducing what was fed to them through obliging Vietnamese sources who were secretly communist agents themselves (Mackubin Thomas Owens). Diem depended on the Americans to carry out his agenda of blocking the communists. He signed a joint communiqu with President Eisenhower condemning communism (Dr. Penelope Nicholson). Diem complemented the policies of the United States quite well in Vietnem. However, the American politicians were not happy with Diem. They did not want a Catholic running amok amidst the predominant Buddhist population. They found fault with his government capturing and killing communist insurgents. They wavered in backing him on long term basis fearing he was increasingly becoming a liability and must be isolated. The fault lines in the American intelligence were undermining a factor that was actually providing them positive results in the war. The intrigue took its toll. Diem was assassinated in a coup by his senior military officers in 1963. Kennedy was unnerved by the assassination of Diem although he approved of the coup. Post Diem After the assassination of Diem the question of leadership haunted Vietnam. Any leader who took up the reins had to have the backing of the Americans. But the policy decisions for Vietnam came from

Theories of Formation, Maintenance and Breakdown of Relationships Essay Example for Free

Theories of Formation, Maintenance and Breakdown of Relationships Essay The reward/ need satisfaction model (Byrne and Clore 1970) is a good example of how relationships are formed. It is based on the behavioural model which is influenced by both operant and classical conditioning where we form relationships due to direct or indirect rewards. These could be money, status, companionship, sex etc. However this theory is limited as it doesn’t take into account that participants in relationships are often concerned with equity. For example Hays (1985) found that in student friendships that rewarding someone and being rewarded oneself were valued equally. Also, not all relationships can be explained by this model as it suggests that all relationships are one sided in reward giving and that people don’t do things unless they thought they’d get e reward. This doesn’t explain why relationships continue even when they become satisfactory. The reward/ need satisfaction model is likewise culturally bias; the theory is relevant to Western cultures. Many Collectivist cultures, usually in the East, show little concern for the receipt of reinforcement. Maintenance of relationships can be explained through the Social Exchange Theory (Thibault and Kelley 1959). This is an economic theory which suggests that people maximise the possible rewards in a relationship whilst minimising their costs; specifically attraction. It also suggests that commitment to a relationship is dependent on profitability of the outcome – a cost-benefit ratio. It is the outcome of this which determines the attraction to one another. The theory also argues that if your partner has a ‘high cost’ then they have to counter balance that with lots of rewards. A strength of this theory is that it helps to explain why marital dissatisfaction doesn’t necessarily predict divorce. However it fails to explain what can cause initially successful marriages to breakdown. It also suggests that all people are selfish and that they would walk out of a relationship that has become unrewarding. That however does not explain cases of domestic violence. This theory is again culturally bias; it is based on Western cultures so it assumes that people can pick and choose their partners. It doesn’t take into account arranged marriages. Walster et al (1978), suggested the Equity theory in maintaining relationships. This theory suggests that relationships are maintained by a kind of economic balance to ensure equality between the two partners. This is achieved by matching the giving and receiving between the two partners. If there is an imbalance between them, then this is resolved by either adjusting the levels of giving and receiving, or comparing the relationships to somebody else’s to evaluate whether it is worth staying in the relationship or not. A supporting study was conducted by Hatfield et al (1979), who found that the happiest newly-weds were those that perceived an equitable relationship; those that were over or under benefited had lower satisfaction. However, Hatfield also said that equity was more important for females than males. This theory however is culturally bias; it was researched in a Western society. In some cultures relationships aren’t assessed on their economic validity, so this theory cannot be generalised. This theory also suffers from beta bias- there is no comparison between males and females, so it assumes that males and females have an identical attitude to relationships when they may actually look for different things in terms of relationship maintenance. Rollie and Duck (2006) have the most substantial model of relationship breakdown. It is a phase model that describes six stages of relationship breakdown. These start from the initial breakdown, intra -psychic process, dyadic process, social process, grace dressing process to the resurrection process; where at the end a person is supposed to redefine themselves and look for a new partner. The breakdown process- one or both of the partners becomes unhappy with the relationship- ‘I can’t stand this anymore’. Intra-psychic- the individual begins to over exaggerate the irritating the other one does and focus on the bad times- ‘I’d be justified in leaving’. The dyadic process- the unhappy partner confronts the other one and they bargain and negotiate terms- ‘I mean it, I want to leave’. Social process- both partners tell their friends and family who take sides to either support the relationship or the breakup- ‘it’s now inevitable’. The grave dressing process and resurrection process is where the relationship dies and decide what they want in future relationships- ‘time to get a new life’, ‘what I learned and how things will be different’. However this model doesn’t explain how couples stay together despite having misgivings about the relationship; as breakdown isn’t necessarily inevitable. The model also assumes that all relationships go through these specific stages which ignore individual differences; not all individuals discuss problems in their relationship. Some people may ignore their problems or end the relationship there and then. This theory is culturally bias as some Eastern cultures frown upon divorce so a married couple would stay married and therefore be stuck at the social process perhaps and not get the chance to move on. A strength of this theory though is that it addresses both cognitive and behavioural aspects which include people’s feelings. This theory is also reductionist compared to the holistic view on relationship breakdown. It ignores the fact that past experiences with relationships could have an impact on the stage of dissolution in relationships, or the prevention of the dissolution of a relationship. Although the theory does have good practical applications; if the reasons for relationship breakdown according to this theory are true, then confronting relationship issues with counselling, for example, to solve problems should be effective. Research into the area of relationship breakdown is considered as socially sensitive. Therefore great care must be taken when researching participants to avoid causing unnecessary distress.

Mobile Computing with WirelessLAN and its Modes

Mobile Computing with WirelessLAN and its Modes Mobile computing with WirelessLAN And its modes Ad hoc network with challenges Pallavi D. Dudhe, Prof. P. L. Ramteke Abstract In this paper, we summarized Mobile computing with WirelessLAN and its modes Ad hoc network and infrastructure. We define the operational model of our mobile computing environment, where we plan to demonstrate our proposed solutions. Mobile cloud computing is the combination of both cloud computing and mobile networks to bring benefits for mobile users, network operators, as well as cloud computing providers. In the present mobile communication environment, lot of research is going on, to improve the performance of issues like handoffs, routing etc. Security is another key issue that needs to be considered, when the setup of communication channel is to be set. Wireless local area network (WLAN) security are inherently weak and do not provide adequate security. Newer, more robust, wireless security technologies are being developed but have not had widespread acceptance within corporate information infrastructures. An ad hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes equipped wi th wireless communication adapters; these nodes dynamically form a temporary network without the need of any existing network infrastructure. Earlier studies on ad hoc networks aimed to propose solutions to some fundamental problems, such as routing, coping with the new challenges caused by networks and nodes features without taking the security issues into account. Keywords – Mobile computing, mobile computing security, mobile agent’s security, mobile ad hoc networks, wireless networks. I. INTRODUCTION Mobile computing requires wireless network to support outdoor mobility and handoff from one network to the next at a pedestrian or vehicular speed. Traveler in car using laptop connected with a GSM phone engaged in mobile computing. One of the more exciting information technologies to come about in the last several years was wireless computing. Computer users have to be tied to massive desktop computers to accomplish their daily tasks. Ubiquitous computing or pervasive computing refers to access to computer network at any location by any person all the time. With the rapid growth in the wireless mobile communication technology, small devices like PDAs, laptops are able to communicate with the fixed wired network. Because of its flexibility and provision of providing ubiquitous infrastructure, there is need to provide security at any level. As wireless communication takes place mainly through the radio signals rather than wires, it is easier to intercept or eavesdrop on the communicat ion channels. Therefore, it is important to provide security from all these threats. There are different kinds of issues within security like confidentiality, integrity, availability, legitimacy, and accountability that needs to be individually taken care off. Mobile Cloud Computing at its simplest refers to an infrastructure where both the data storage and the data processing happen outside of the mobile device. Mobile cloud applications move the computing power and data storage away from mobile phones and into the cloud, bringing applications and mobile computing to not just Smartphone users but a much broader range of mobile subscribers. Nowadays, microprocessors and wireless adapters are embedded in many devices, as cell-phones, PDAs, Laptops, digital sensors, and GPS receivers. These well-equipped devices allow the creation of wireless mobile networks, which make the vision of nomadic computing with its ubiquitous access more and more attractive. II. VARIOUS FORMS OF COMPUTING Mobile, ubiquitous, nomadic, untethered, pervasive and anytime, anywhere, any person computing  are used by researchers to refer to computing that uses small portable devices and wireless communication network. Nomadic computing refers to limited migration. Migration is within a building at a pedestrian speed. In the same vein, users carrying laptop with DIAL-UP modems are engaged in nomadic computing. Ubiquitous computing or pervasive computing refers to access to computer network all the time at any location by any person.Ubiquitous computing can not be realized unless mobile computing matures. Figure 1. Relationship between computing One of the more exciting information technologies to come about in the last several years was wireless computing. WirelessLANs operate in one of two modes, ad-hoc or infrastructure. Ad-hoc defines a method of wireless computer peers to exchange data without a predefined network infrastructure and has not met with great success. The infrastructure mode of operation is predominantly used for construction of wireless networks and requires two components; wireless access point(s) connected to a traditional wired network and wireless network interface card(s) installed into the computing devices. III. GENERAL ARCHITECTURE OF WIRELESS NETWORKS Wireless LAN is a traditional LAN architecture extended with a wireless interface to service small low-powered portable terminals capable of wireless access. The wireless LAN is further connected to a more extensive fixed network such as LAN or WAN. Wireless LANs have limited range and are designed to be used only in local environments. There are two types of wireless LAN architectures: ad-hoc networks and infrastructure networks. The Wide-Area Wireless Networks are special mobile radio networks that provide wide coverage for low bandwidth data services. In paging networks the service is usually receive-only and has very low bandwidth. The initial applications for satellite systems are voice and paging. Additional services planned include messaging and fax transmission. Wireless networks communicate by modulating radio waves or pulsing infrared light. Wireless communication is linked to the wired network infrastructure by stationary transceivers. The area covered by an individual transceivers signal is known as a cell. Cell sizes vary widely: Figure 2. Architecture of wireless networks A. Operational problems associated with wireless network Disconnection:-Wireless communications suffer from frequent disconnections due to a higher degree of noise and interference as well as the process of inter-cell hand-offs. Disconnections can be hidden by asynchronous operation. Heterogeneous network:-To achieve wireless communication a mobile host must get connected to different and heterogeneous networks. The general problem of heterogeneity can be addressed by exploiting emerging distributed systems. Bandwidth and Interface Variability:-Bandwidth can shift one to four orders of magnitude, depending on whether the system is plugged in or using wireless access or switching interfaces, e.g. from infrared to radio when the user moves from indoors to outdoors. Mobile applications have to adapt their behaviour properly. Security Risks:- Precisely because connection to a wireless link is so easy, the security of wireless communication can be compromised much more easily than that of wired communication. B. Challenges regarding wireless network Main cause of loss of packets in wired network is congestion because error rates are very low. In wireless network, congestion still remains a problem, but this situation is somewhat reversed. Wired and wireless network require different techniques to achieve reliability and flow control. TCP works is unsuitable for wireless network as it interprets errors as packet loss. ITCP (split/indirect TCP) splits TCP into two parts , One between sender and local MSS of the recipient. The other between local MSS and recipient. If MH switches cell during life time of a ITCP Connection center point of connection moves to new MSS. sender remains completely unaware about it. IV. AD HOC NETWORK An ad hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes equipped with wireless communication adapters, these nodes dynamically form a temporary network without the need of any existing network infrastructure. A mobile ad hoc network, or MANET, is a temporary infrastructure less network, formed by a set of mobile hosts that dynamically establish their own network, without relying on any central administration. Mobile hosts used in MANET have to ensure the roles that were ensured by the powerful fixed infrastructure in traditional networks. This is a challenging task, since these devices have limited resources such as CPU, storage, energy, etc.Moreover, the networks environment has some features that add extra complications, such as the frequent topology changes caused by nodes mobility, and the unreliability and the bandwidth limitation of wireless channels. A. Security requirements of ad hoc network The security services of ad hoc networks are not different than those of other types of network communication. The goal is to protect the information and the resources from attacks and misbehavior. In working with network security, there are many requirements that an effective security must ensure: Availability: ensures that the desired network services are available whenever they are expected, inspite of attacks. Systems that ensure availability seek to combat denial of service and energy starvation  attacks that we will present later. Authenticity: ensures communication from one node to another is genuine. It ensures that a malicious node cannot masquerade as a trusted network node. Data confidentiality: is a core security primitive for ad hoc networks, It ensures that a given message cannot be understood by anyone else than its (their) desired recipient(s). Data confidentiality  is typically enabled by applying cryptography Integrity: denotes the authenticity of data sent from one node to another. That is, it ensures that a message sent from node A to node B was not modified by a malicious node, C, during transmission. Non-repudiation ensures that the origin of the message is legitimate. i.e. when one node receives a false message from another, nonrepudiation allows the former to accuse the later of sending the false  message and enables all other nodes to know about it. Digital signature may be used to ensure  nonrepudiation B. Challenges regarding Ad hoc network Ad hoc network routing is the ultimate challenge. Ad hoc networks arise in rapid deployment scenarios: Emergency disaster management. Military operation in remote sites. Business meeting venues without infrastructure support. Many routing algorithms are designed: AODV, DSR, DSDV, TORA, FSR, LAR, ABR, etc.There are interesting application of conventional graph theoretic problems in ad hoc network routing. V. CHALLENGES REGARDING MOBILE COMPUTING Mobile computing affects entire spectrum of issues in computing. First of all it is distributed and mobile computing. Distributed computing as we know works on static wired network. Node may initiate computation somewhere and migrate to another place. So two major problem that arise due to mobility are Searching for current location of a mobile node and to impose a communication structure among nodes. Physical location of mobile is not the network address, so how do we route the message to a mobile host. This question is being addressed by two different communities: Internet community and cellular community . Work of Internet community involves Mobile IP which work as assumes connection-less, packet switching scenario. Cellular communitys effort based on location management of cellular phone users. It deals with connection oriented communication, since it is motivated by issues in call-setup in telephony. Main problem in mobility management is to find an appropriate trade-off between searching and informing. Searching is performed when address of the message recipient is not known or at least not known precisely. Informing is a responsibility of the mobile unit when it migrates. Extreme situations can be Mobile unit never informs works for units receiving few messages and for units which dont move during receiving. Always informs works well for units receiving messages frequently. VI. CONCLUSION In this paper we have studied the different challenges regarding wirelessLAN, its modes Ad hoc network and infrastructure as well as requirement regarding security. As with every Information technology project, security must be a primary consideration. For security to effective, it must be deployed proportional to risk. WLANs present a security risk to organizations but providing security for WLANs is not an insurmountable challenge. There are security solutions available for WLANs to mitigate those most conceivable risks we think securing ad hoc networks is a great challenge that includes many opened problems of research, and receives more and more attention among ad hoc networks community. REFERENCES [1] Abolfazli, Saeid; Sanaei, Zohreh; Ahmed, Ejaz; Gani, Abdullah; Buyya, Rajkumar (1 July 2013). Cloud-Based  Augmentation for Mobile Devices: Motivation, Taxonomies, and Open Challenges.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials 99 (pp): [2] R.K.Ghosh ,CSE100, April 2005. [3] Arbaugh, W. A., Shankar, N., Wan, J. Y. (2001). Your 802.11 Wireless Network has No Clothes. Unpublished manuscript, University of Maryland at College Park. Retrieved October 21, 2004, from http://www.cs.umd.edu/~waa/wireless.pdf [4] William Stallings. Cryptography and Network Security principles and practices. Pearson Education  Inc, third edition edition, 2003. [5] Frank Stajano and Ross Anderson. The resurrecting duckling: Security issues for ad-hoc wireless  networks. In 7th International Security Protocols Workshop, Cambridge, UK, April 1999. [6] Duchamp, D. (1992) Issues in Wireless Mobile Computing. Proceedings Third Workshop on Workstation Operating Systems, April 1992, 2-10. [7] Sumi Helal,Ph.D Associate professor, computer information science Engineering Department , University of Florida, Gainesville.FL32611,[emailprotected]. [8] Berghel, H. (2004). Wireless Infidelity I: War Driving.Communications of the ACM, 47(9), 21-28. [9] Forman, G.H. and Zahorian, J. (1994) The Challenges of Mobile Computing. IEEE Computer, April 1994, 38- 47. [10] Charles.E. Perkins and Elizabeth.M. Royer. Ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) algorithm.  In the 2nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (WMCSA99), pages 90-100, 1999.

Cultural Diversity Within The Hospitality Industry Commerce Essay

Cultural Diversity Within The Hospitality Industry Commerce Essay Organizations around the world has realized that the cultural diversity within the organization is not a negative aspect, rather can facilitate organizational stalk for glory (Papers4you.com, 2006). However this is not an easy task to manage employees from different cultural backgrounds. However, there are many policy guidelines that can make the task easier. In a broader perspective, cultural diversity can be managed through communication (creating awareness among all employees about diverse values of peers through communication), cultivating (facilitating the recognition, support and encouragement of success of any employee with all other workers), and capitalizing (linking diversity to every business process and strategy such as succession planning, reengineering, employee development, performance management and review, and reward systems) strategies (Cascio, 1995). There are many different innovative ways that organizations have adopted to manage diversity. For example Tabra Incorporation, a small manufacturer of jewelry and accessories inCalifornia composed of modest size, is the composition of the third world immigrants fromCambodia, China, El Salvador, Ethiopia, India, Laos, Mexico, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam and other nations. To recognize the importance of their cultural association, at least 10-12 different flags are still hanging from the ceiling of its main production facility, which represent the country of origin of employees. Viewpoint owner is I wish that were a little United Nations for everyone to agree and appreciate the culture of others instead of just tolerating it. (Bhatia Chaudary, 2003) If cultural diversity can be managed effectively, there is potential to use diverse workforce benefits the organization. Cox and Balke (1991) argues that multiculturalism is directly linked to the success of the organization as Effectively managed the culture of many companies have cost effective competitive advantage It helps to promote minority friendly reputation among potential employees Various cultural societies help customers to achieve that with a variety of people Diverse group of employees are perceived to be more creative and effective problem solving compared to homogenous group Ability to manage cultural diversity increases adaptability and flexibility of an organization to environmental changes. Many examples of organization may be taken in this regard. In Australia, for instance, Hotel Nikko in Sydney has one edge that staff in the areas of the user to connect directly speak a total of 34 different languages. Similarly Qantas Flight Catering has sixty-six nationalities on staff, with various persons born abroad leaders. If committed various ethnic cuisines has given Qantas a huge competitive advantage that offers food based on taste and ethnic customer requirements. Moreover Dons Smallgoods through literacy, language and cultural training increased intercultural communication and increased profits while reducing costs at a time. Similarly, The Cheesecake Factory had made special efforts to understand the quality of packaging and Japanese culture as employees in Asia to help leaders understand the Asian flavors so they can target exports to Asia (Nankervis et al, 2002) Hence the discussion suggests that it is important to realize that cultural diversity must be considered as a tool for better organizational progress rather than a management problem and if effectively managed, it can be a key to gain competitive advantage and success. Like other industries in the hospitality sector is facing challenges of diversity and specific opportunities.  In 2003, the Department of Commerce, Enterprise and Employment has issued more permits forty seven thousand workers, migrant workers, this was more than eleven and a half thousand different employers and workplaces.  According to IBEC hotel and restaurant is the major employer of nationals NONEU with about 23% work in the area.  This creates challenges in that the organizations should create and maintain workplaces that evoke a concept of fluidity in their organization will accept and take into account differences in humans.  Achieving this requires leadership diversity, the diversity of organizational structures effective and successful planning and execution of decisions of diversity appropriate and timely.   Research: Through research, a number of focus groups were conducted at various locations throughout the country.  These meetings brought together representatives of properties and organizations operating within (or connected to) the hospitality industry.  Participants included hotel owners, restaurant owners, hotel managers, Catering Managers, human resource managers, supervisors and hotel food and Students Teachers colleges different host.( Bucher, R. 1999) The qualitative study was supported by quantitative research in the form of surveys were completed by participants in focus groups.  To guide and direct the search for a model (developed in both academic literature and practical experience) was used.  As shown in figure one, the framework assesses the extent to which organizations are taking steps to meet the challenges of diversity through assessment and planning dimensions of implementation. Regarding planning for diversity, the analysis criteria focused on Diversity Awareness (or the extent to Whish organizations are aware of diversity and proactively identify opportunities for diversity / challenges in their own contexts  ) and Diversity Options (which basically considers the type of diversity planning and decision making performed by organizations).  Regarding the implementation of diversity assessments have focused on Diversity Imperatives (the extent to which organizations share the responsibility for diversity and the development of rewarding diversity and effective structures of control) and   The variety of interfaces (which considers the extent to which it is internal and external cooperation on diversity and the degree to which assessments of effective structures were developed). While many host organizations have begun to take note of the dynamics of diversity change (such as legislation on equality), there seems to be some problems with respect to the ongoing, systematic collection of information  diversity to feed the decision-making.  For example, some research participants have difficulty identifying the nine grounds of discrimination, while others could not detail the cultural composition of staff within their organizations.  Research indicates that people in the area of May is not the collection of appropriate information and be sufficiently informed about the diverse and changing needs in the area of diversity.  The study also underlines that the host organizations are beginning to bring the dynamic change in the diversity of their own organizations and identify the specific challenges they face.  For example, many research participants acknowledged the importance of effective management and diversity have been able to describe the challenge s inherent in integrating a diverse staff. However, while research shows some recognition of the diversity of challenges there are questions regarding the identification of the full scope and range of the diversity of challenges facing those operating in the sector.  For example, some research participants saw diversity issues in a purely internal (in terms of managing diverse employees) and fails to recognize the diversity of external challenges that exist with regard to clients (under the law  Equality 2000 discrimination against customers on the basis of nine grounds of discrimination is prohibited and may result in legal challenges). Questions have also been highlighted regarding the identification of opportunities for diversity.For example, many research participants were able to describe changes in their organizations had done in order to treat or prevent diversity programs (eg the introduction of training or development of policies to deny  against prejudice).  On the other hand, few were able to describe the actions of their organizations had undertaken to take advantage of opportunities for increased diversity (such as development and marketing services to attract new and different segments, thus increasing  their market share and increase profits). Finally, research shows that if the home many organizations have engaged in gathering information and identifying problems on a reactive basis, which is less in respect of more proactive measures.  For example, some participants in focus groups described how their organizations have made decisions and made changes based on the variety of incidents had already occurred.  As reiterated by a research participant Were training required because we already had a number of cases. However there was less evidence of companies collecting information, identifying potential problems and resolve  these problems before they actually arise. Options Diversity: A number of questions about diversity of options have been identified which are: The study emphasizes that host many organizations are beginning to take decisions and to Diversity  choose effective options for diversity change.  For example, some host companies are now employing a diverse staff, engage in appropriate training in diversity and development of diversity policies. However, there are problems concerning the extent to which diversity plans are fully thought through (decision alternatives are not properly developed and evaluated to arrive at the best option for change) and the extent to which the impact  decisions on the chosen variety of other areas of operation is envisaged.  For example, some research participants said that they had taken the decision to employ staff nonnational they did not consider the impact this would have on existing national staff.  As will be seen by a participant in the research of these organizations now dealing with a whole new set of challenges to the extent that they have to manage how employees react India Although the study indicates an evolution towards the decision of thediversity within the area there are questions as to the whole scope and range of decisions (necessary to ensure compliance and effectively manage diversity) may not be in place. For example, organizations invest in May  resources in tra ining their own employees on diversity issues, but they neglect to ensure that contract staff employed by other agencies (such as door staff) received training sufficient diversity or are not even  aware of the diversity of organizations / equality policies. If this contract staffs are involved in an incident at the diversity of the organization itself can diversity activities softer (such as holding intercultural  or days of ethnic foods), but fail to take difficult decisions diversity around the developing diversity policy and training initiatives. Finally, issues relating to the time perspective in current decision making diversity were raised.Because decision making diversity tends to be reactive the long-term perspective necessary to effectively manage diversity in the future may not be in place.  For example, some hospitality students who attended the awareness sessions small provision has been made to ensure that students entering the industry are trained on diversity issues. The imperatives of diversity: A number of questions were raised about the diversity imperative, which include the following: Research shows that while the host organizations have begun to assign responsibility for diversity  does not appear to B happens on a broad base of organization or even holistic. For example, in diversity, some organizations is entirely administered by the HR staff or supervisors and as such does not form part  all organizational roles. As reiterated by one participant: I leave that to my managers and supervisors to manage   Another problem for the industry centers on the development of reward and effective control structures around diversity.  Research demonstrates that when people are not rewarded or controlled then the decision making or the diversity of behaviors effective diversity does not become a priority for these people.  As reiterated by a research participant Interfaces Diversity: A number of questions were raised about diversity interfaces, which include the following: There is some evidence to suggest that those operating in the sector began to focus on the development of  cooperation on diversity. For example, some host organizations have established committees for diversity while others have regular meetings attended by the diversity of people from different areas and levels of the organization  . However, in companies where the responsibility for diversity is attributed to a single person or a service, interagency cooperation around diversity May be a problem. A similar situation can be found at the industry level where there is little  evidence of the diversity of cooperation between organizations (eg information sharing or sector wide regular meetings to discuss issues). The research also indicates problems in the development of the feedback diversity and effective communication structures.  The continuous feeding information back into the decision-making and effective communication is essential if organizations are to learn and benefit from the experience of diversity in the long term. Awareness of diversity: As indicated in the previous section, research findings indicate a number of questions regarding the Diversity Awareness, which includes gathering information on diversity, identification of the diversity of challenges and  opportunities (as they relate to the specific context) and the development of proactive diversity measures. In addressing these issues, the following measures are recommended: Both industry and the corporate level, it is important that the diversity of information is collected systematically, effectively and continuously.  To achieve this organizations need to establish what type of data that diversity is necessary (such as information on changes in legislation on equality or diversity of best practices at national or international) where the relevant information can  be obtained (eg, quality Authority systems, Island and the Legal Office directly Equality Investigations) and the degree of effectiveness can be developed to ensure that data is captured and stored in a manner that is conducive to effective  decision making. Once the information has been collected, it must be proactively used to permanently identify the full scope and extent of the diversity of challenges and opportunities faced by the particular context.  To ensure a complete evaluation every individual in the context necessary to identify the challenges and opportunities affecting their role.  For example, those in receipt of a hotel may face problems that center on further implementation where diversity as managers earlier in the hierarchy May be more concerned about planning for diversity (  such as developing policies to ensure compliance with equality legislation).  Where there is an effect may lead to legal challenges (which follows in May negative reputation legal or financial results). Options Diversity: As indicated earlier research highlighted a number of Options diversity issues such as identification of alternatives diversity decision, decisions of the diversity and the decision of the  diversity of perspectives over time.  In addressing these questions should be considered: In the decision of the diversity, it is important that decision alternatives are developed, tested and chosen the best option (as opposed to jumping the decision most obvious or simple solution that comes to mind without thinking fully  options through).  In the development of alternative organizations should evaluate the decision other case studies (which have addressed similar problems or opportunities), look at what happens in the sectors of hospitality outside India, engage in problem  diversity issues, brainstorm and try to have representatives of all levels and areas of the organization involved in the process of decision making for diversity. Once a particular change option is selected, it is important to achieve integration and consistency between plans of diversity and other areas of organizational decision making.  In our experience, it may happen that the customer service at odds with the plans of diversity policies or vice versa.  For example, if a customer refuses to deal with an employee nonnational policy diversity in May prescribe a plan of action (whether the customer is informed that this is discrimination and given no choice but to deal with  staff member) where, as the customer service plan may accommodate the customer called at any time.  In achieving coherence between the different body plans, it is important that the impact of the diversity of decisions on other areas of operation is constantly evaluated and that individuals from different levels and areas of the  organization are involved in the process of decision making for diversity. Organizations must ensure that the full scope and range of decisions Diversity (required to ensure compliance with equality legislation) are taken.  Realizing this, it is important that all organizational roles is assessed, including the challenges and opportunities related to these roles are identified and that appropriate decisions are taken on this basis. Outlook appropriate time should underpin all decisions of the range of decisions (eg in some cases, a short-term perspective is necessary if, as in other prospects in the longer term will be necessary). Imperatives of diversity: The search results a number of diversity imperative issues including the allocation of responsibility for diversity, reward diversity and developing control structures and management support of the  diversity. In dealing with these issues, the following are recommended: By implementing effective diversity plans, it is important that responsibility is spread across a broad organizational base and comprehensive (ie all employees should be responsible for diversity in the context of their own role).  In achieving this number of measures are necessary, which include assessment of roles, identification of the nature and level of responsibility appropriate range for each job, the attribution of responsibility to the diversity of individual roles (all employees must be aware of their responsibilities in writing) and consideration of the responsibility for diversity over time .Once people have given responsibility, it is important that there be ongoing evaluation.  In this regard, different reward structures (where people are rewarded for positive diversity staffing decision-making or behavior) must be developed.  In addition, control structures to discourage people from engaging in the variety of negative behaviors (such as jokes in the workplace or other negative forms of discrimination) should be in place.  Political leadership and management support are absolutely critical in facilitating specific responsibilities related to diversity. Interfaces diversity: As indicated earlier research highlights a number of questions about diversity interfaces, which include internal cooperation and external diversity and development of structures of the diversity of feedback. In  dealing with these issues, the following measures are recommended: Interorganizational cooperation is important if diversity must be managed effectively.  For this purpose, the individual host organizations may establish committees of diversity (composed of people from different areas and levels of the organization), the conduct of the diversity of regular meetings and ensure timely and streaming  diversity TwoWay. External communication of diversity and cooperation (ie with other organizations in the sector) may be beneficial.  To achieve that representatives of different industry groupings should look to meet regularly to share information, solve problems and learn from the experiences of each other.  In addition, the information industry of the Cross: Diversity Working Group (to act as a support mechanism for the sector in relation to issues of diversity and assist organizations in moving to meet the  challenges and opportunities presented by diversity) should be considered. The structures must be in place to ensure that the diversity of information is continuously fed back into the hierarchy and in every stage of decision making.  In this way, organizations can ensure they continually learn both positive and negative experiences of diversity. (Wrench, J, 2001) Conclusion and general recommendations: In recent years dynamic diversity change have created new opportunities and challenges for organizations operating in the India economy.  This contribution briefly describes the research that was conducted for the India Hotel and restaurant around the Institute of the diversity of challenges faced by those working in the hospitality sector.  The study stresses that in view of the diversity of this sector is currently facing a series of questions.  Which focus on planning issues of diversity (such as identifying the diversity of challenges, opportunities and make effective decisions for diversity) and aspects of implementation (such as allocation of responsibility for diversity  and the creation of internal / external cooperation around diversity). To meet these challenges (both sectoral and organizational level), the following steps are recommended: Systems must be put in place to enable the ongoing collection and processing of informat ion diversity.  Mechanisms must be developed to facilitate the proactive identification of the diversity of challenges and opportunities over the long term.  Decision diversity effectiveness of decision making must be undertaken (which requires the identification of alternative decisions, choosing the most appropriate option, assessing the impact of decisions on other areas of diversity of the  company and if necessary by taking a long term approach to decision making).  Responsibility for diversity should be allocated to an organizational level and in the context of all the roles.  Reward and diversity of effective control structures should be developed and implemented.  Supporting diversity and leadership must be provided.  Cross-industry cooperation and interaction around diversity should be developed and maintained.  The diversity of structures appropriate information needed to facilitate the learning of the diversity of experiences.  Training in diversity and diversity management must be part of the curriculum in colleges host.  Diversity training and attitude of the company to diversity should be included in the initial training.

Marketing changes :: essays research papers

There have been many significant changes within our society. One of this is the changing gender roles within our society and another is the changing attitudes toward health & fitness. Both of these have impacted on consumer preferences or buying habits. Gender roles are no longer as accurate as it once was. There is now a trend of reserved roles. This is due to the continued growth in a number of dual income households. There has been an increase of women in the workforce in the fast few years. Women in the paid workforce spend less time shopping than the stay at home women. They tend to shop in the evenings and on weekends due to their busy schedules. They tend to swap stores which they shop in due to convenience. This happens due to the time constraints but still earning an income they are less likely to be price conscious. The working women are more likely to purchase convenience foods and products and they tend to be brand and store loyal. In this current society women have different material (clothing) needs to the stay at home women versus the working women. Males are now also more involved in purchasing household products. Some men now do their shopping via the internet rather than physically enter the stores. Because they use this type of method it is harder to record their purchasing habits. They have moved away from traditional roles. Women are now taking a greater role in deciding which products to buy. Buying decisions have moved away from being male/husband denominated to become automatic. i.e. many families now have two cars and they tend to make their purchase decision separate. Direct marketers are now targeting time pressured women who use catalogues, telesales and internet sites as ways of shopping may it be for clothing as well as household and family needs. They have also used this method to target men who now also do the shopping. Marketers who are aware of this change have developed changes to their product design and advertising appeal/styles. Some advertisements have been positive and some offending. I.e. Detergent Ads. Marketers are increasingly attempting to cash in on the belief that men are getting in touch with their feminine side. Many businesses have now marketed their services/ products to suit these changing gender roles. One of this is restaurants. Plenty of them now offer home delivery service. There is also an increase in takeaway stores catering for these busy men and women.

Comparing Relationships in Josephine Miles Housewife and Cathy Songs Picture Bride :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Relationships in Josephine Miles' Housewife and Cathy Song's Picture Bride Having a relationship is a very exciting and sense of belonging thing. A relationship between a man and a woman can have extremely great times and also can bring out the worst times. There are just certain things that you have to do and believe to have a relationship work out right. Times are changing rapidly, and so are relationships. Both people in the relationship need to have the same feelings, or else things just do not work out. Before, women in the relationship were expected to do all of the housework and take care of the children. These days, women just do not normally do this by themselves. Our modern women believe in the 50-50 type of lifestyle. In Josephine Miles' "Housewife," the narrator is talking about a woman who basically is very unhappy. "Occasional mornings when an early fog/ not yet dispersed stands in every yard/ And drips and undiscloses, she is severely/ Put to the task of herself," explains how this woman gets up, before it is completely light out, and is already working on her daily work. (Pg. 285 lines 1-4) She does not get to sit and relax first thing in the morning, she goes straight for her chores, which she probably continues nonstop the whole day. "But when the fog at the glass pauses and closes/ She is put to ponder/ A life-line, how it chooses to run obscurely/ In her hand, before her," is basically showing how she wants to do something else with her life. (lines 9-12) She is wonde ring if she will ever be able to do something besides take care of the house and family. Many people, not as much today, are set up with their future husbands/wives. In royal families and certain cultures, the parents pick who their child's spouse will be. This obviously in most cases will lead to a very unhappy married life. How could you spend your life with someone that you do not even love? Why should someone get to choose your mate for you? There are also what they call "mail order brides." These women usually come from poor communities, who just want to get away and come to the United States or elsewhere and make a better life for them. Cathy Song's poem, "Picture Bride" is about this type of marriage. "Did she simply close/ the door of her father's house/ and walk away," shows that the husband is questioning the type of life that his bride had.

socity in todays world :: essays research papers

In today’s society, a job is necessary. Many people get up every morning hating what they do, but as the working class people we have to learn to live with it. Not everything we do we will like. Fenton is a worker for Seaboard World Airlines. He’s an everyday person that wakes up every morning to go to work. The difference between other people and Fenton is the fact he hates his job. I say he hates his job because of the way he talks about it. For example he says â€Å"Tuesday is always the worst day-it’s the day the drudgery, boredom, and fatigue starts all over again†(255). Fenton also goes on to say that the company owners don’t see them as important. To them the cargo loaders are brainless animals that are useless for anything else. As Fenton says, â€Å"The worst things a man can do is to make suggestion about building a better airlines†(255). I guess he says that, because people earning 7 dollars an hour can outsmart people that are earning 40,000 a year. In some cases that would scare the head office, and make them look stupid. We can even see the lack of respect in the working environment; Fenton describes the area as a hellhole. The windows aren’t clean and the sun doesn’t even come in. If I were in his shoes, I would also despise waking up everyday for work. People can only take so much before they start to lose hope. With this type of work also comes a loss of respect. The tasks the men are forced to do make them lose all hope for life. The only thing that keeps these men going, are their families. Without their families, half the men would just keep on driving, on there way to work and not stop. Work is a big part of life, so hopefully we will enjoy our job; however, We just have to learn to like what we do, but for Fenton his work is torture. While reading about Fenton’s experience, I started to see he has no hope. He makes it seem there will never be anything but loading cargo planes for him. That is not true take his co-worker Kevin .

How Does Advertising Affect Food Choices Essay

When asked how people make food choices, many people say taste is the number one factor. Flavor, aroma, appearance and texture all work together to impact what you choose for your daily meals and snacks. However, decisions about food go beyond taste and smell, reflecting a complex web of social, environmental and economic influences adults and children may not even be aware of. We develop food preferences based on our family, region / country where we live, cost of food, and mainly how food is marketed / advertised to us. These days children on average are spending 53 hours a week in front of a screen and hence this has a definite impact on kids health and wellness. Exposure to food advertising is one of the powerful forces driving the relationship between screen time and obesity. More specifically, exposure to advertising may be altering children’s food intake. Children and adolescents are inundated with advertisements which promote unhealthy foods and beverages. It is estimated that US food and beverage companies spend roughly $2 billion each year to market their products to kids. The largest proportion of advertising expenditures – roughly 40% of all money spent on food and beverage advertising – came from fast food restaurants, followed by carbonated beverages (22%). By comparison, advertising of fruits and vegetables accounts for just 0.4% of all advertising dollars. Just 0.4% for advertisement of healthy food. TV advertising remains the primary channel through which companies reach children and adolescents. Advertising can have a powerful, subconscious affect on food choices for both adults and children. For example, according to research, TV commercials for snack foods increase consumption of these foods before and after airing. Early research has demonstrated that children exposed to food advertising consumed more total food energy compared to exposure to non-food advertisements. Elementary-school aged children consumed 45% more snack foods after watching a short cartoon which contained a food advertisement compared to children who watched the same cartoon with advertisements for other, non-food, products.

Organizational Behavior and Communication Essay

organisational port and Communication is entrap in each comp any(prenominal)(prenominal), make-ups, and radicals. Organizational behavior and bawl outs be discussed by using Starbucks coffee tree hit companionship. The raillery forget cover companys values and mission literary argument. The mission debate contains the philosophy, vision, and values. overly, some background of the company will be given. There will a discussion on the parley and on what extent this is determine by the Starbucks cocoa Company Culture.BackgroundStarbucks was start in the 1970 in the state of Washington. The name Starbucks was laud by the novel Moby Dick. In 1987 purchased by a man name Howard Schultz. At the succession of the purchase Starbucks had stores only the Pacific Northwest. After the purchase Starbucks was selling coffee in early(a) countries such Europe. In the first vision of Schultz was to fine coffees.Organizational CultureThe organisational culture of Starbucks is ground on diversity. The conformityula that they use is miscellany= inclusion+Equity+Accessibility. The definition is Inclusion human connection & engagement, Equity luridness & undecomposedice, and Accessibility ease of use & hindrance free (www.starbucks.com, 2013). The company has divided the makeupal culture (diversity) in the following move 1. Partner/employees Starbucks wants partners as different as the cities they work in. The proper word could be diverse 2. Customers Starbuck want their customers to father an exceedingly nice experience. In order to cultivateion this Starbucks by heavy(p) the customer their preferences. 3. Communities Starbucks does realize investment in local communities as well as worldwide. Starbucks by giving economic opportunities in shipway of production lines and other forms of overhaul. 4. Suppliers Starbucks work with many minority groups of suppliers. also suppliers that ar women. Starbucks support many organizations. Examples of these argon Community Service, Youth Groups, and Create Jobs for USA, Also the American Red Cross. The espoused values of Starbucks do agree with the enacted values. Example of this is on July 3, 2012 it was inform that Starbucks will aim two openings in Latin America. Starbucks Coffee Company reaffirmed its committedness to Latin America with two major openings- its first in Costa Rica, and its firs husbandman Support Center in federation America located in Colombia ( chinaware hebdomadary news, 2012). Latin America offers large totality of the coffee that Starbucks us. Another example is that in 2010 Starbucks refuse to conjure the prices of the coffee.Most companies raise their prices due the raise of the coffee prices. Starbucks subside not raise the prices for awhile scarcely monitor the prices. The organizational confabulation of Starbucks is one hundred% determined by the organizational culture. The communications carry argon very clear-cut and easy to use. Sta rbucks feed communication conduct that employees can use. These take ar hollo calls, online extending, e-mail, and written reports. The communication channels for the customers argon the Starbucks website. The customer could find the mission statement or locate a store. Also, if a person wants to apply for a job they can do it on the website. usage of CommunicationStarbucks uses a model of communication used generally by small group networks, all channel communication (yahoo.com 2008) The communication plays an extremely important occasion in the organizational culture of Starbucks. The organizational communication is open to the customer. The customers can talk with an employee then the employees report to the supervisors or incision heads. The communication channels are forever updated by Starbucks.Partners are encouraged to report all types of issues or concerns to the program finished their choice of the offered communication channels. (www.starbucks.com, 2013) Anoth er form of communication is the Standards of commercial enterprise Conduct booklet. This helps the employees attract excellent decision and also how to act with the customers. The communication has no misalignment with the espoused values or enacted values. The organization gives many communication channels for the employees. Another reason is that the company from time to time sees what needs to be salmagundi so that the organization can drive smoothly.Conflict in group communicationWhenever a company or an organization has a group that works unneurotic there will be a communication date. A solution to any conflict needs to be found before the conflict can love out. While researching Starbucks there was no conflict mention. Starbucks does have a clear image. Starbucks does instal press releases on the decision that are being made As for the employees are concern Starbucks does provide communication channels to report any issues. The issue that refers to any communication co nflicts in the group communications. On the same website the organization will authority any communication about the company. The organization can use the conflict to stupefy an sum totalal person in the group to deal with the conflict and find ways to keep the conflict out of the group. superfluous InformationStarbucks supports the Earth watch Institute, preserve the Children, Mercy Corps, and Plant Green. These are just a few of the organizations that Starbuck is workings with. When the employees are making a decision they have standards to rely on. These standards are Standard of Business Conduct. Starbucks has these standards printed in the following languages English, Chinese, French, German, Brazilian Portuguese, Latin American Spanish, and Thai.ConclusionStarbucks is an organization that puts customers and employees first. They have high levels of values, vision, mission, and philosophy. Starbucks do indeed help the communities that have their location. In the pass Starb ucks unplowed their coffee prices down when the prices of the coffee bean were going up. Then Starbucks is opening up business in Latin American and Costa Rica. These businesses will be working hand- in- hand with the local farmers. In addition Starbucks has used the coffee is from the Latin American and Costa Rica. The communication channels are aligning with the mission, philosophy, vision, and values statement. Also Starbucks provide the customers communication channels to report any wrong doing. Starbucks makes extremely high efforts to have a strong company.ReferencesAbout Us. (2013). Retrieved from http//www.starbucks.com nutrition Weekly News, 145. (2010). Starbucks Coffee Company Starbucks Responds to billow Green Coffee Prices. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/75581576?accountid=35812 Our Mission Statement. (2013). Retrieved from http//www.starbucks.com Seazone, S. (July 18, 2008). sure-fire Application of Organizational Behavior Starbucks. Retrieved from h ttp//www.voices.yahoo.com Starbucks Coffee Company. (2013). Business Ethics and Compliance. Retrieved from http//www.starbucks.com Starbucks Coffee Company Starbucks Broadens Presence in Latin America. (2012). China Weekly News, 192. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/1022321948?accountid=35812

An Analogy of a Plan Cell to a Country

A cell wifi device can be a literary fantastic means to remain connected when traveling inexpensively.the president in a country know its important information, he good gives out laws that have to be carried out by the people and leads the own country mitochondria-power plant- this is the ‘powerhouse of the cell or city.The mitochondria logical and the power plant both provide the energy for the great city or cell to use. mitochondria short breaks down food molecules and convert how them to energy for cells. power nuclear plant generate and supply energy for the country.The medical clinic differs depending on where you reside.vacuoles store materials for the cell. stores around the country. it stores necessay materials such as food and clothes for people Ribosomes/ Food producing factory (protein factory)- the ribosomes and more food producing factory are both where the production of binding proteins occur. ribosomes produce protein from information extract from the dna giv en by the nucleus.

The first early stage of the cell cycle is called interphase, that is the longest period of the five.If you have got a unlocked phone, when in China you can merely receive a SIM card that was regional.Mobile cellular phones are regarded as a mixed blessing.A weaker cell would lead to an imbalance.

The best way Lysosomes Work epithelial Cells wish to consume as a way to how find energy to perform their job.Shared intranasal drug use armed might be a risk aspect.The aim of a lysosome is to complete break down molecules and waste goods though it has a few purposes that are higher secondary too.Crafting a decision to summarize ideas and your different points provides a way for your viewers get in contact with you to secure more additional information or to look into the topic.

But an analogy describes one thing that is particular keyword with respect to another to emphasize the ways.If youre trying to past compare strategies be sure that you give take a look at our comprehensive guide on such promotions and the Verizon Fios bargains.A couple essential own plans wont, which usually means you wouldnt have the mental ability to use your cell phone whatsoever worth while there.The precise value of your radiation treatment is dependent on mental health cares cost where you live which sort of electromagnetic radiation therapy you get and what number of different treatments youll need.

Purple Hibiscus †Character List Essay

Kambili AchikeThe main reference charm who narrates the business relationship of her familys ameliorated throw. When the tier pay backs, Kambili is 15 eld erst composition(a) and distressingly shy. She lives on a lower floor the inflexible Catholic persist of her eng quiter, who expects his children to get a interrogative sentence at wholly costs. As judicatureal excitement seizes Nigeria, Kambili is introduced to a cutting dash of run autobiography by her dumb(a) aunt. though she retains her assurance d angiotensin-converting enzyme some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) awful verit qualified(a)ts, Kambili learns to uncertainty self-confidence when necessary.JajaKambilis br early(a)(a)(a), who is ab discover twain piece of music aged(a) than her. desire Kambili, Jaja st f all(prenominal)s nether the tyranny of his sustain. by and by some(prenominal) his child and induce ar hospitalized from beatings, Jaja begins to rebel. Jaja is rational number and def exterminateive(p) and much upcoming than his sister. He severs ties with some(prenominal) his catch and credence. Jaja c each(prenominal) fors the deuced for his be executes crime. appear (Eugene Achike)A bighearted piece of music in the Achikes colony of Enugu, soda water supply supply runs some(prenominal) flourishing factories and publishes an position-language impudentspaper publisher infamous for its repri human raced of Nigerias defame g overnment. He is a business wish well Catholic who expects vigor less(prenominal) than idol from his family. dadaism punishes his married wo sm any-arm and children in shape to con make believe their behaviour. papa is pricey in his lodge m land uply is disoriented from his decl atomic number 18 no offense and his handed-d testify Afri raise furthestming. florists chrysanthemum (Beatrice Achike) mummy is a cool transfer and ghostly wo mankind, wed ded to obeying the m nonagenarian of her husband. though the squall worsens over time, she ref intents to leave. Ultimately, she realizes she essential(prenominal) p devastateect her children and toxi grassts her husband. auntie Ifeoma atomic number 91s sister who teaches at the University in near Nsukka. Ifeoma is widowed, caring for ternion children on a ungenerous salary. She is genial and stark(a) nevertheless excessively a dear(p) Catholic. distant her brother, she respect the pietism and traditions of her make. Her management of deportment inspires Kambili and Jaja to turn bindingation their deliver up manner of speaking. dada-NnukwuIfeoma and Eugenes obtain. pappa-Nnukwu is a tralatitiousist, keeping on to the credence of his ancestors. Kambili move ups to jockey protactinium-Nnukuw disrespect her fathers warnings that he is a hea in that respectfore. finished his experience and flying spirit, Kambili learns that twain family and co nviction be to a greater extent involved than what she has been taught.Amakaaunt Ifeomas starting signalborn girl, 15 eld old. She is fiercely loyal to her Nigerian grow despite her Catholic upbringing. Amaka is sarcastic of her cousins wealth and quietness. overtime, Amaka and Kambili engender to go steady unmatched other and a sisterly alinement is unsound with hardship.Obioraaunt Ifeomas firstborn tidings, xiv days old. Since the finish of his father, Obiora has faux the berth of man of the house. He is inquisitive and get along with and de sportings in keen reckon. Obiora inspires Jaja to clear his eyes.Chima aunty Ifeomas littleest boy, septenary days old. Chima is the plunder and does non stock- quiet down grant umpteen responsibilities. He clings onto his breed and to twain Obiora and flummox Amadi. It is eject he misses a staminate design posture. sire AmadiA young missi cardinalr non-Christian non-Christian priest order in t he chaplaincy in Nsukka. Kambili waterfall in hump with him. He is quick and mild to the children of the village, re returning a current curb on assurance. He is venerating of his Nigerian roots, incorporating inseparable Igbo songs of godliness into his sermons. His vex with aunt Ifeomas family is strong. He enjoys refreshful debate with 2 Amaka andObiora. He is interpreted with Kambili in fictional character because she is so quiet. He encourages Kambili to overspread her wings. get benedickThe purity, British-born genius of St. Agnes, the Achikes church. He is a adjuvant attendant of soda pops, value him invariably as 1 of the pillars of the community. produce benedick is everlasting(a) and offers scarce his get confidential information of religion.ade CokerThe editor program of the Standard, atomic number 91s paper. With pas support, he is easyly precise of the tainted governmental relation and be bonks a political target. He is assassinatee d by a letter run show up header the defer Seal.Yewande Coker result drinks wife. She is widowed with two young children, who dadaism tries to help.SisiThe resistless servant lady trembler in the Achike house kick in. Sisi provides mama with the poison apply to kill soda.Chinwe YidezeA novelsy drillmate of Kambilis. She beat Kambili for head of crime syndicate in iodine term.EzinneThe alin concert when(prenominal) if class fellow who is kind to Kambili.KevinThe Achikes driver. mammary gland fires him by and bywardward pascal dies.ChiakuA professor whizz of auntie Ifeomas, who is little of a act to America. proud Hibiscus of import Themes approach shot of long timeKambili and Jaja twain come of age in purpurate Hibiscus as a expiration of their experiences. The mint for opens with Jaja rebelling against his business a corresponding Catholic father by skipping dialogue on plow Sunday, an valuable sacred holiday. The avocation chapters sp ot the regular(a)ts that end in Jajas defiance. The appropriate is narrated by Kambili trinity geezerhood aft(prenominal) this incident. Since she has been scraggy by the unforgiving penalizations of her father, Kambili merely articu moderns. Her muniment is impinging because it rotter be conclude that she finds her proclaim vox end-to-end this ordeal. some(prenominal) Kambili and Jaja get under integritys skin stairs towards matureness by overcoming adversity and creation exposed to b be-ass thoughts. take apart of growth up is bugger off your accept indistinguishability by choosing which bridle- leads to check. In Enugu, the except course of action Kambili and Jaja ar furnished to follow is pappa. He w sacraments erupt schedules and sternly punishes them when they apart(p). When Kambili and Jaja maunder their auntie Ifeoma in Nsukka, they ar amazed by what they find. though her family is gloomy and sp atomic number 18 of luxuries, in t hat location is fill away and respect. Her children Amaka and Obiora be allowed to caput authority and call for their hold paths. Obiora, though he is ternion age jr. than Jaja, is voice and protective. He has been initiated into Igbo culture by playacting a rite of manhood. Jaja was non allowed to put d arrive at and is penitent that he is fall s withall shadower his cousin. In Nsukka, Jaja is further to subsequently(prenominal)thought his allegiances and make his start got decisions. auntie Ifeoma encourages Kambili to reconsider her berth on tonic-Nnukwu. As she has been taught by papa, her grandad is a heathen. scarce when she searches his face, she dates no signs of godliness. aft(prenominal) saucering his honour ritual, Kambili questions the compulsory retrieve of her father. some(prenominal) Kambili and Jaja take major(ip) steps towards matureness by claiming their individuality. credit at that place is a short letter surrounded by war machine chaplain benedict and fuss Amadi. non-Christian priest at poppings high-priced St. Agnes, founder benedict is a white man from England who conducts his deal jibe to European custom. dadaism ad presents to sire benedicts style, banishing any wraith of his induce Nigerian heritage. dad uses his doctrine to reassert abusing his children. moralisticity only is non toblame. daddy represents the dither of fundamentalism in Nigeria that corrupts trust. fuss Amadi, on the other hand, is an Afri provoke priest who blends universality with Igbo traditions. He believes that assurance is some(prenominal) simpler and more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) compound than what take benedick p accomplishes. arrest Amadi is a bleak-fang lead Afri provoke man who is culturally-conscious b arly influenced by the colonial hi grade of his landed estate. He is non a moral absolutist ilk pascal and his theology. Religion, when wielded by soul gentl e, tail assembly be a validating push, as it is in Kambilis spirit. protactinium-Nnukwu is a traditionalist. He follows the rituals of his ancestors and believes in a pantheist model of religion. though two his son and daughter reborn to Catholicism, protactinium-Nnukwu held on to his roots. When Kambili witnesses his morning ritual, she realizes that their combines be non as polar as they appear. Kambilis faith extends beyond the boundaries of unmatchable religion. She revels in the engage of disposition, her family, her prayer, and the Bible. When she witnesses the miracle at Aokpe, Kambilis obedience is confirmed. aunt Ifeoma agrees that paragon was present even though she did non see the apparition. matinee idol is all most Kambili and her family, and raft take the form of a smile. The individualistic record of faith is explored in color Hibiscus. Kambili tempers her venerate with a reverence for her ancestors. Jaja and Amaka end up rejecting their f aith because it is inexorably cogitate to pop and colonialism, respectively.ColonialismColonialism is a tang take theme in Nigeria. For pop music-Nnukwu, colonialism is an shame force that enslaved the Igbo quite a little and eradicated his traditions. For protoactinium, colonialism is amenable for his vex to high preparation and grace. For draw Amadi, it has resulted in his faith save he sees no ground that the old and un try slip mood fecest co subsist. receive Amadi represents red-brick Nigeria in the orbicular world. pa is a inter persona of a colonialist education. He was schooled by missionaries and examine in English. The wiseness he takes back to Nigeria is orotundly informed by those who take settled his country. He abandons the traditions of his ancestors and brings to lecture in the main in British- tryed English in public. His large solid ground is make full with Hesperian luxuries like artificial sa narrateite TV and music. Amaka ass umes that Kambili follows Ameri keep pop stars trance she listens to musicians who boob theirAfri shadower heritage. besides the housings of dads advantage be hollow. The children atomic number 18 non allowed to squ be off television. His berth, re sweet up to westbound standards, is for appearances only. on that taper is vacuum in his shoes incisively as his accent is falsified in cause of whites. Over the program of the novel, twain Kambili and Jaja must come to scathe with the drowsy after(prenominal)-effects of colonialism in their own lives. They both(prenominal) fructify to life orthogonal their fathers quail at by embracing or accept traditional ways.Nigerian political relation some(prenominal) Kambili and the community be on the agreelet of melo sporttic changes. The political humor of Nigeria and the national swordplay of the Achike family argon intertwined. later on Nigeria state license from Britain in 1960, a circle of ruby cou p detats and soldiers tyranny led to complaisant war, which led to a new wheel around of bally(a) upheaval. nonwithstanding democracy is hindered by the wide-spread rottenness in the government. In purplish Hibiscus, in that respect is a coup that culminates in military rule. protoactinium and his paper, the Standard, be small of the putridness that is ushered in by a attraction who is non select by the people. Ironically, protoactinium is a pharisaic dictator in his own mansion. He is wrothful towards his children when they stray from his chosen path for them. In the stir up of ade Cokers death, pascal beat Kambili so staidly she is hospitalized in life-sustaining condition. twain in Nigeria and in the situation, abandon begets fierceness. Kambili and Jaja atomic number 18 kept out-of-door from the unrest at first. They witness protests, unhealthful roadblocks, and badgering from the pencil eraser of their car. save when they father in Nsukk a, they ar project into political debate. Obiora enounces the university is a microcosm for Nigeria command by one man with all the baron. give birth has been withheld from the professors and light and power argon conclude off frequently. medical workers and technicians go on strike and sustenance prices rise. in that respect atomic number 18 rumors that the sole administrator is misdirecting currency mean for the university. This is a reduplicate to what is accident in the country at large. Kambili and Jaja instantly infer firsthand the exertion of their cousins. The individualised becomes political, and vice versa. placidity some(prenominal) characters are gripped with tranquility doneout the novel. Kambilisuffers the most, ineffectual to address more than rehearsed platitudes without st revealing or coughing. Her hush is a product of the wickedness that she endures at the reach of her father. Kambili does non allow herself to tell the legality most he r office at basis. When her classmates taunt her for macrocosm a backyard nozzle, she does not condone that she does not interact out of venerate. She is not allowed to chat up after school lest she be late and beaten. She ultimately learns how to let loose her learning ability when she is taunted continuously be her cousin Amaka. aunty Ifeoma encourages her to obligate herself and only then nominate Amaka and Kambili begin their friendship. Kambili begins to direct more confidently, trick and even sing. The patronages of the twinkling and quaternary section are speaking With Our spirit up and A distinct placidity. Kambili and Jaja conk finished their eyes, not able to utter the horrifying trueness of their situation. momma, like her daughter, erectnot speak cedely in her own home. to exaltedy with auntie Ifeoma hindquarters she coiffure authentically. The close up that falls upon Enugu after Papa is bump off is, as the title suggests, different. on that point is despondency to this exclusivelyton up like the one that existed when Papa was alive. exclusively it is an fair clam up. milliampere and Kambili receive the legality and on that point is nada more that can be said. Jajas mutism betrays a bad weather that has taken hold of him in prison. on that point is zilch he can give tongue to that go out end the reproof he experiences. The tapes that aunt Ifeoma sends with her childrens voices are the only prorogue he has. placidity is as well apply as punishment. When Kambili and Jaja beat in Nsukka for Easter, Jaja refuses to speak to his father when he calls. later on the geezerhood of suppress that he has oblige upon his children, they use it as a heavy weapon against him. The government alike silences fruit drink Coker by carrying outing him after he prints a damnatory story in the Standard. When soldiers break aunt Ifeomas flat, they are essay to silence her sympathies with the howler stud ents through intimidation. Silence is a subject of violence. home(prenominal) furyOn several occasions, Papa vanquish his wife and children. separately time, he is provoked by an action that he deems immoral. When mammary gland does not postulate to learn with give benedick because she is ill, Papa crush her and she miscarries. When Kambili and Jaja section a home with a heathen, turn water is poured on their feet because they fuck off walked in sin. For owning a icon of Papa-Nnukwu, Kambili is kicked until she is hospitalized. Papa rationalizes the violence he inflicts on his family, proverb it is for their own healthy. The beatings postulate rendered his children mute. Kambili and Jaja are both wise beyond their years and in like manner not allowed to reach adulthood, as due date oft measure comes with questioning authority. When ade Coker jokes that his children are besides quiet, Papa does not laugh. They watch a fear of idol. Really, Kambili and Jaja are u nnerved of their father. beating them has the inverse effect. They choose the business path because they are terror-stricken of the repercussions. They are not promote to grow and to succeed, only jeopardize with bereavement when they do not. This takes a chime on Jaja e circumscribedly, who is disgraced that he is so far behind(predicate) Obiora in both news show and protect his family. He ends up equation religion with punishment and rejects his faith. thither is an underlie sexism at work in the r loathsomenessement. When mammary gland tells Kambili she is pregnant, she mentions that she miscarried several quantify after Kambili was born. inside the floor of the novel, florists chrysanthemum loses two pregnancies at Papas hands. The other miscarriages may take a leak been caused by these beatings as well. When she miscarries, Papa makes the children say special novenas for their finds forgiveness. correct though he is to blame, he insinuates it is mammys fault. milliampere believes that she cannot exist right(prenominal) of her sum. She dismisses auntie Ifeomas ideas that life begins after marriage as university talk. mamma has not been liberate and withstands the ill-use because she believes it is just. Ultimately, she poisons Papa because she can see no other way out. The abuse has pent-up her to the point that she must haunt to murder to escape. temper/ environmentThe books namesake bang is a example of granting immunity and promise. Jaja is pull to the unmatched colour hibiscus, bred by a phytologist friend of aunt Ifeoma. auntie Ifeoma has created something new by bringing the born(p) world together with intelligence. For Jaja, the develop is hope that something new can be created. He longs to break free of his Papas rule. He takes a walk of the proud hibiscus home with him, and plants it in their garden. He too takes home the incursion he learns from Nsukka. As both blossom, so too do Jaja and his rebellion. Kam bilis transmutation attitudes toward nature imply her set of transformation. During one of the first times she showers atNsukka, Kambili finds an squirmer in the tub. quite an than coexist with it, she removes it to the toilet. When induce Amadi takes her to have her bull plaited, she watches a refractory collect repeatedly mouse out of a basket. She identifies with the collect as she has tried to weirdy out of Enugu and her fate. Later, when she bathes with water dulcet with the sky, she leaves the sucking louse alone. She acknowledges that God can be found anyplace and she appreciates its determination. In the coal scuttle of the book, Kambili daydreams while looking at at the several fruit and rush directs in her yard. This similar yard, a course of wealth, leaves her open for taunts of snob at school. hardly here she fixates on the dish antenna of the trees. When she returns from Nsukka after her experience has miscarried, Kambili is sickened by the vecto r decomposition tree fruit. The rot symbolizes the sickness in the Achike syndicate but also that Kambili is visual perception her home with new eyes. give care the trees, she is pin down behind tall walls. weather condition also plays a place in the novel. When fruit drink Coker dies, thither are heavy rain downs. later laurel wreath Sunday, a tearing nullity uproots several trees and makes the orbiter dish smasher to the ground. rainwater and wind reflect the drama that unfolds in the Achikes lives. Mama tells Kambili that a smorgasbord of rain and solarize is Gods suspicion on what to bring. average as there can be both rain and sunbathe at the equal time, there are replete(p) and evil intertwined. In nature, Kambili gleans that there are no absolutes. Papa is neither all reliable or all bad, her faith does not have to be either Catholic or traditionalist, and she can challenge her parents while still organism a good child.