Racism Essay

Today Racism is so common that it has finally been recognized as an issue, however it hasn’t always been like this. In the past there has been count less acts of racism. Racism can be defined as racial discrimination over skin color, ethnic background and race, or a belief that some races are by nature superior. History is like a giant mirror, it made up of thousands of pieces that creates the whole. It reflects what we do, When the European settlers came to North America, they came with a promise of peace, yet time soon revealed differently. They took the children of the inhabitants (like the Indians and natives) and separated them from their family and people. They were beaten and punished like dogs when they showed signs of their culture (language) and were harassed (raped). They were looked down for their ethnic backgrounds, skin color, language and traditions. We can write a Custom Research Paper on Racism for you! Its hard to believe that things could get any worse as time went by, but it did. In the 1900’ African Americans were looked as servants maids factory workers and other low class jobs. This continued for awhile and became o big that it was finally recognized. This was when the African Americans were separated from the whites, in school, work places and society. They did not have the same rights as the whites did. In Canada natives weren’t given any rights to vote until not long ago. However this act was not the worse image reflected upon by history. The holocaust was an event that began with a single persons hatred for the Jews that erupted into a conflict, which involved the world. This person of course was Adolf Hitler, and the conflict, which involved the world, was World War II. Hitler was a man who took the word racism to the ultimate level both metaphorically and literally. He believed that the Arians were superior to not only the Jews but also the rest of the world. He even consider those with the same skin colour and similar cultured background to be less superior, so this means that he is racist to even those that are similar to him. This wasn’t the worse part however; Hitler soon turned his attention to the literal meaning of racism and dealt with it in a dreadful way. He killed the Jews, thousands upon thousands in concentration camps, or even in their homes. They didn’t kill for money or land, but for reasons based on racism. This was the Holocaust and throughout history this act of racism killed the most and is looked at even today, with terror. To me Racism is something I was not exposed to much because it has gotten a little better today, but it is still out there all around us, this urge which makes us feel higher when compared to others just because of the simple differences. Racism is something that can never end, its like a cycle when one act is finished (African Americans is looked at as equals with the whites) another will start, but we have to try. Racism is not needed, therefore it must stop.

The Biomedical Mode of Health

The biomedical model of health Introduction In health psychology it is seen that health is defined by different models. One such model is the biomedical model of health which revolves around the aspect of a healthy body. The model was introduced in the nineteenth century and has been used widely to diagnose diseases by the doctors. According to the model every disease or disorder is caused by a physical harm. In other words the diseases or disorders are caused by germs or genes which might be changing the internal environment of the body to cause the disease.Although it has been introduced in the nineteenth century, the roots of the model date back to the 17th century when Cartesian dualism existed. After its introduction the model replaced the previously famous Humoral paradigm in the twentieth century. The discovery of antibiotics proved to be a breakthrough in the approval of the model. However in the late twentieth century some of the sociologists again started questioning the in tegrity of the biomedical model of health as they considered the social wellbeing of an individual to be as important as the biological well being (Curtis 2002; Taylor 2008; Lovallo 2005; Havelka et al 2009).Biomedical Model of Health The biomedical model of health takes its roots from the Cartesian Dualism which is dated back to the seventeenth century in the times of Descartes. Cartesian Dualism revolved around the aspect that both mind and body are two separate entities irrespective of their functions. In a similar fashion the model considers physical causes to be the main reason for the disease. The model has replaced the previously followed Humoral Paradigm which was formed by the Greeks.According to this paradigm the diseases in a human body are caused by a certain abnormality in the four basic fluids of the body. In those times the four basic fluids of the body were believed to be blood, black bile, yellow bile and phlegm. The treatment of this paradigm also revolved around t he maintenance of these four basic fluids. One thing that the Humoral paradigm and biomedical model of health have in common is that both of them consider bodily factors to be the cause of the disease (Curtis 2002).The biomedical model of health revolves around certain factors which have to be present. The model states that for a person to be unhealthy they have to have some sort of biological abnormality. It also states that every disease has some specific cause which has to be diagnosed by the doctor in order to cure the patient. It also involves the process of treatment and states that the human body can be reversed back to the normal condition if the right treatment is served to the diseased person. It states that psychological and social processes do not take part in the disease causing process.Moreover it also assumes that mind and body are two different entities that have no such relation with each other and lastly the health of the whole society is dependent on the resources that are available to the medical society as a whole (Taylor 2008). The model is largely followed all over the world and its principles are also seen to be the most convincing these days. It is because of this model that researches are being conducted on the biochemical and genetic processes of the body to find out about the different diseases.Moreover all the doctors being trained these days are trained on the principles of this model as they have to learn about the internal environment of a human being so that they can treat them. In other words they have to understand the human body so that they can intervene in the process of disease that may be causing harm to the patient (Curtis 2002; Taylor & Field 2007). It has helped to carry out several projects have proved to be a breakthrough in treating various diseases occurring in the society. The Human Genome Project is an example of the advantages of this model.Human Genome Project was a project launched in the year 1990 by interna tional authorities to find out the sequencing of the human genome along with the identification of the chemical base pairs. Human genomes are the genes which contain information about the hereditary characteristics that an individual would possess. In human beings these are found in the form of genes located on the chromosomes. It is this human genome project which allowed the doctors to learn a lot about the structure of chromosomes, the proteins coded by the genes, and the number of genes in a human being.It has also made the surgeries safe and effective. Moreover it has also assisted in controlling the diseases occurring all over the world and this can be noticed in the statistics of morality in the different nations. The diseases which were previously considered to be untreatable can now be treated because of the knowledge acquired after the introduction of this model. As an example the cases of pneumonia and appendicitis can be considered which previously were untreatable. Pneu monia is a disease caused by the bacteria Pneumococcus and affects the lungs whereas appendicitis is the inflammation of the appendix.Pneumonia is a life threatening condition which could not be cured previously but nowadays it can be cured with the help of antibiotics. Appendicitis is also a lethal condition which can be cured with the help of surgery. (Taylor & Field 2007; Havelka et al 2009; Robbins et al 2005). Limitations of the Biomedical Model of Health The biomedical model of health has its own shortcomings and is termed as reductionist by the opponents. In other words it does not broaden its concept towards the factors other than genes and chemicals for example the factors relating to economic or social environment of the individual.This however is covered by the holistic approach which takes the whole situation in consideration before taking a step. Similarly another factor that is mentioned is the relation of the model to the physical causes of the diseases concerned. The opponents point out that not all the diseases are related to physical causes but some of them are caused by a multitude of the factors. An example of the heart disease atherosclerosis can be cited here in which the factors of genetics, diet, and lifestyle play a role (Curtis 2002).It is also criticized to be more related to the aspect of curing rather than preventing the disease. It is believed to be totally ignoring the aspects of social and psychological variants which do have a role in the progression of a disease. The treatment process is also related to these variants and again this model does not take into consideration these variants because of which some treatments do not go successful (Taylor 2008). Lastly, the model emphasizes on the body in particular irrespective of the role that mind plays in the health of an individual.This aspect of the model can be denied because the research these days show that the mind plays a great role in influencing the body. Some diseases may be caused because the person may be living in unstable economic conditions and these conditions are not taken into consideration by the model. An example can be cited here in the therapies that are recommended for people who are suffering from different diseases. For example the cognitive therapy recommended for patients suffering from cancer. Cognitive therapy is recommended in the treatment of certain cancers as individuals undergoing he treatment suffer from symptoms like pain, memory loss, lack of concentration, irrational behaviour and mood swings. Cognitive therapies can help in relieving all these symptoms as shown by different researches. (Curtis 2002; Scipio et al 2006). Conclusion The biomedical model of health has been questioned by many sociologists as it does not take the aspect of social well being in its definition. Health is a factor which is dependent on all the aspects of life as put down by the sociologists.Economic and social factors should also be considered wh en analyzing the health of an individual. These factors also determine the emotions of an individual and hence the person can be sociologically unfit. In other words it is not necessary for a healthy person to be sociologically fit in the current definition of the biomedical model of health. In the latter half of the twentieth century it was realized that the biomedical model of health can be applied to the ones who are diseased biologically but not the ones who are unfit by other means.This approach therefore led to the adaptation of a new approach known as holistic approach. It is seen that nowadays the biomedical model is adopted for curing purposes along with other factors of society when curing a disease (Curtis 2002; Taylor & Field 2007; Derick & Halligan 1970; Checkland et al 2008). References Lovallo, W. R. , & Lovallo, W. R. (2005). Stress & health: Biological and psychological interactions. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications. Checkland, K. , Harrison, S. , McDonald, R . , Grant, S. , Campbell, S. , & Guthrie, B. (January 01, 2008).Biomedicine, holism and general medical practice: responses to the 2004 General Practitioner contract. Sociology of Health & Illness, 30, 5, 788-803. Havelka, M. , Lucanin, J. D. , & Lucanin, D. (January 01, 2009). Biopsychosocial model–the integrated approach to health and disease. Collegium Antropologicum, 33, 1, 303-10. Taylor, S. E. (2008). Health psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Curtis, A. J. (2002). Health psychology. London: Routledge. Taylor, S. , & Field, D. (2007). Sociology of health and health care. Oxford: Blackwell Pub.Wade, Derick T, & Halligan, Peter W. (1970). Do biomedical models of illness make for good healthcare systems?. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. Kumar, Vinay, Abul K. Abbas, Nelson Fausto, Stanley L. Robbins, and Ramzi S. Cotran. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2005. Abernethy AP, Keefe FJ, McCrory DC, Scipio CD, Matchar DB. Behavioural therapies for the management of cancer pain: a systematic review. In: Flor H, Kalso E, Dostrovsky JO, editors. Proceedings of the 11th World Congress on Pain. Seattle: IASP Press; 2006. p. 789–98.

Organizational Structure Analysis Essay

Our team will be describing three of our member’s current places of employment. Those organizations are Rex Communications & Public Relations Inc., Farmers Insurance Group Federal Credit Union, and Advanced Security Concepts. Analyzing the organizational structure types and their pros and cons for each, to determine whether or not they are affective. Rex Communications & Public Relations Inc. Rex Communications and Public Relations, Inc. is a small agency specialized in public relations, communications and marketing of luxury goods, with an extensive international network of media contacts, freelance editors, stylists, publicists, and tastemakers. The company is ran by our team member, Roy Stewart and his business partner, together they have many years of experience in trade and consumer publications, television and celebrity red carpets. Many of Rex Communications functional duties are split between the specialties of the partners. As one member may help increase the visibility of luxury brands at the levels of social media, printed or online press, social media, television, and so forth. The other member may be required to take care of the necessary paper work and the logistics of goods. As Rex Communications is a small company, many of the divisional organizational structures are split between the partners. Some tasks are sent elsewhere, such as, records for tax season , they are sent to an outside accountant. Overall many of the duties are shared between the two partners at Rex Communications; hence forth, making the company fall closely to the third organizational structure called the matrix organization. Many of their clients will communicate to Roy or his business partner, or both to get an understanding on what procedures they must do. Roy and his business partner believe that their setup of the company structure is both effective and productive. Farmers Insurance Group Federal Credit Union In analyzing Farmers Insurance Group Federal Credit Union, the management structure that’s being used is functional and some of divisional. There are many benefits to a functional structure for instance; groups of people can be placed together with similar skills to be more efficient. These groups can be more attuned for development and will be more adaptable. In performance, standards are better maintained. There is greater opportunity for specialized training. The disadvantages to the functional structure; managers can develop an expertise and will not acquire knowledge of the other areas of the business. This is also true with a divisional structure; as the organization grows the business becomes increasingly diversified. This can cause redundancies throughout the business divisions. Advanced Security Concepts (ASC) Advanced Security Concepts (ASC) is a private security company that offers services that include executive protection, estate security and uniformed guards. ASC is a smaller company and deals on a customer base, therefore, it would be considered a Divisional Organization. The divisions depend on the customer and/or job type for example; estate security is composed of a team of people working at a residence. The team’s duties change per client as to what services they want. This is a very effective way of organizing the company. Each client has different expectations with a unique property and other services to take into consideration. It would not be possible for every team to work out of the same book with the variety of variables within this type of business. It was determined that the organizational structures in the three companies were found to be affective for each.

MGMT670 week 6 Conference Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MGMT670 week 6 Conference - Assignment Example If you have yet to generate a company icon online, social media sites are the places to do it. There are innumerable principal benefits to carrying out marketing and promotional practices on global products. Foremost, the most significant merit is attached to brand recognition. Marketing and promotion of a global product assists in imprinting the product’s brand in the minds of the potential customers (Zimmerman & Blythe, 2005). Accordingly, the customers tend to seek a pre-identified brand rather than the product brand seeking for its users. In addition, once a brand has expanded its ground and founded its customer base, promotion enables it to keep hold of the potential customers. Another merit linked to promotion is the identification of potential customers rather than forcing a product on unenthusiastic purchasers (Marquardt, 2012). Furthermore, direct marketing enables companies to target specific customers by personalizing the meaning of the advert to have the best possible effect. The downside is that such promotions can be expensive. Companies have to spend on adverts as well as employing sales and marketing professionals (Stonehouse & Purdie, 2004). If a firm fails to conduct a proper market research then it might end up making unnecessary advertisement and marketing expenses. Some companies waste efforts in targeting unwilling customers using unsuitable media. Small businesses owners must, therefore, weigh the merits of conducting such marketing practices against the respective costs incurred. As well as the financial expenses, promotion requires sacrifice of time. The sales experts are expected to research on the most proper marketing approaches design the adverts and deal with customer reactions to the products. An example of how to market global products and services is by use of funny video clips. YouTube and other social network videos could be used to

Corporations Law Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Corporations Law Research - Essay Example self.†1 Corporate self interest has placed the generation of profits and protection of that profit from creditors on a plane far higher than the obligation to function in a moral, ethical manner, deserving of the status of personhood granted to it under the law. Korten D has pointed out how the corporation evolved as a means to limit the liabilities of individual investors to the extent of their investments while also imposing obligations to transfer a share of its profits to the crown.1a What has emerged however, is a system whereby every corporation strives to expand its own interests while limiting its obligations. The corporate veil has been zealously guarded thus far, since the facility of limited liability available to a corporation has been deemed fundamental in the propagation of a capitalist economy2. However, Adam Smith underlined the restriction of competition that corporations symbolize3. The strengthening of corporate interests after the Civil War in America led President Lincoln to foresee corporate greed as follows: However the turning point for corporations appeared with the decision in the case of Santa Clara County v Southern pacific Railroad5 in which the corporation was declared to be a natural person under the U.S. Constitution entitled to the protection offered by the Bill of Rights. By placing them on par with individual citizens in permitting their influence upon Government, the powers of the Corporations to influence legislation was therefore unequally balanced against individual powers.6 The case of Solomon v Salomon & Co Ltd7 established the corporation as a distinct legal entity in common law, with an existence and personality separate from the people that comprise it. This has provided the facility for small agencies and businesses to assume a corporate form functioning as a front that shields the agency/individuals from creditors rather than being purely directed towards raising capital for risky business purposes7a. The

Should We Do More To Deal With The Problem Of Domestic Violence, Or Is Research Paper

Should We Do More To Deal With The Problem Of Domestic Violence, Or Is The Problem Exsggerated - Research Paper Example Before going into the discussion regarding whether problem of domestic violence exists or not, let us get a better understanding of what domestic violence actually is. Domestic violence is a type of violence that occurs in a family. Some close family relationships such as husband, wife, children, or people having blood relationships with each other are generally involved in the domestic violence. One of the biggest dilemmas regarding domestic violence is that women generally are not aware of their basic rights which are given to them by the governments and that is the reason why they do not speak a word in front of anyone as the result of which they are constantly tortured and violated by their husbands. Although a lot of research on the issue of domestic violence has been done in the past, but we hardly find any research typically based on the issue of domestic violence as a real or exaggerated problem. However, there is some helpful research, which is done on different topics related to domestic violence. I will also make use of previous research in order to get a suitable answer to my question. Berrios and Grady assert, â€Å"Domestic violence is a pervasive and frequently unrecognized cause of injury among women†. Domestic violence can also be defined as those violent behaviors that are shown by one person to the other person in order to gain or maintain a psychological or physical edge over the other person. Stets, in his research, found that repeated violent acts usually occur due to the desire of men to take control of the behavior of women living around them. Richarson and Feder found that a large number of women having relationships with their boyfriends and husbands undergo physical injuries, mental cruelty, and forced sexual relationships. In the past, the issue of domestic violence was not considered an important issue. That is the reason why it has come out as one of the major problems for the today’s world. People also did not use to think much

English Lexicon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

English Lexicon - Essay Example Since the middle of the 20th century it has been primarily thought of as a diminutive of Jennifer."1 Jane is the This name has many forms, and as such has many meanings within the English lexicon. A jenny is defined, by Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary, as either one of three things, the first two being derived from 1600 from the name Jenny: 1) a female bird, as in a jenny wren; 2) a female donkey; or 3) a spinning jenny, "an early multiple-spindle machine for spinning wool or cotton" (ca. 1783, derived from Jenny, a nickname for Jane).3 Jen is, in Chinese philosophy, "a compassionate love for humanity or for the world as a whole."4 There are multiple dictionary entries, however, for the word jane, which is based on the namesake Jane. One dictionary says that jane is slang for "a girl or a woman."5 The Free Dictionary claims that the word jane is a "coin of Genoa" or "any small coin"; also, a jane could be a "kind of twilled cotton cloth."6 There are other variations on the name Jane and usages of the name Jane. The name Jane Doe has become a part of the English lexicon in order to describe "an average or ordinary woman" or it can be "[u]sed as a name in legal proceedings to designate an unknown or unidentified woman or girl."7 Jane Doe was just a generic name, but it has taken a very popular turn in recent times, becoming part of the vocabulary of the general public. Mary Jane is slang for marijuana.8 Supposedly that name is associated with marijuana because you have Mary associated with mari- and Jane associated with -juana. That's understandable. Also adopted into the English lexicon by way of the name Jane is the term plain-Jane, which means "[l]acking adornment or pretension; basic or simple."9 The name Jean is also commonly used, which is feminine, and "Medieval English variant of JehanneIt was common in England and Scotland during the Middle Ages, but eventually became rare in England. It was reintroduced to the English-speaking world from Scotland in the 19th century."10 The word jean, of course, has been introduced into the English lexicon, and has two meanings, according to the Free Dictionary. A jean can be either a "heavy, strong, twilled cotton, used in making uniforms and work clothes" or plural jeans, "[p]ants made of jean, denim, or another durable fabric."11 Secondly, what will be discussed is boys' names, or masculine names, which have been adapted into the lexicon. First we will begin by analyzing the name Peter. The name Peter is "[d]erived from the Greek (Petros) meaning 'stone'. This is a translation used in most versions of the New Testament of the name Cephas, meaning 'stone' in Aramaic, which was given to the apostle Simon by Jesus (compare Matthew 16:18 and John 1:42). Simon Peter was the most

Urban Change and Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Urban Change and Conflict - Essay Example In a perfect world, the movie would exist uniquely as a representation of darker days long since past. However, ‘Selma’ displays the evolution of urban change and conflict while gleaming a spotlight on the slow growth of that which has not changed. The movie’s story offers a blueprint not only on the past events, but of the way forward in terms of urban change and conflict. The movie ‘Selma’ of course did not happen in a vacuum. The mass movement against Jim Crow apartheid, for the right to vote and equal rights in public accommodations, had been growing for almost a decade, ever since the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955. However, the early 1960s witnessed the Freedom Rides and lunch counter sit-in movement against segregation on interstate bus transportation1. This movement for equity and democratic rights was made possible by the struggle of the working class of the 1940s and 1930s that preceded it. The Urban crisis is jarringly evident in the shattered storefronts and fire-blemished African apartments in the movie. Rates of poverty among these black residents are very high. With a few expectations, most of them have witnessed loss of manufacturing job and the arrival of a low-wage service sector. Most of the streets that are revealed in the movie have ghettos that are characterized by extreme spatial isolation and segregation. This means that central-city residence, joblessness, race, and poverty were intertwined in the urban areas. It can be noted that patterns of racial and class segregation in the cities in America had continued and hardened. As evident from the movie, racial conflict and tension as a tenacious refrain in the people living in the urban areas. Discrimination by race and color was a key fact of life in the urban areas of America in the 1950s and 60s.

Indigenous Studies 301-Assignment#2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Indigenous Studies 301- #2 - Assignment Example One needs to apply through listening skills, observation and first hand experiencing events- taking action. The learning system has its composition that includes learning directly, meditating, and rethinking. Facilitating is a major responsibility of teachers. There is another group of people that contribute by offering guidance and enhancing learning. These are the elders (Osburn-Bigfeather et al, 2004). Exploration of a person’s mind is the onset of practicing native science. There has to be a close connection of the mind and the heart as this facilitates effective learning. Native science perspective tries to explain the complex connection that exists between humans and the surrounding. This must be a healthy relationship in the sense that both have to tolerate each other with the aim of having a good future. The science perspective intends to show the importance of seeking knowledge appropriately so that diversity and humans never collide. The community has a role to play in educating the people on ways to live with harmony and spirituality. This is done through community-based learning whereby the societys beliefs and practices are the strongholds in learning. Thus, individuals are empowered giving the best reasoning they can offer. Through education, people intend to learn more about their culture and of others. However, there is the point whereby culture is ruined through the introduction of modern language. People need to practice their indigenous culture to learn it. By communicating through the native language, the community can understand the essence and importance of their culture. There has to be the presence of consistent terms and legislation at the time when the beliefs and practices of aboriginal ideas in classes. Understanding ones culture requires one to live it. This means that this will bring a clear understanding of people’s current, previous, and future situations. This means that education is a

Business Research Discussion Week 1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Research Discussion Week 1 - Coursework Example The research would help them into designing the lighting of their store to improve purchasing. The retail store should understand lighting of both the store space and the display area to improve customer buying patterns (Binngeli, 2011). If for instance, good lighting increases customer purchase, the retail firm should ideally chose to install light fixtures in their stores and allow maximum sunlight to enter the store. The main aim of the retail store is to sell the highest number of products and if lighting enables the firm to achieve this, then the firm would be quite successful. This information would be most likely to help out in the interior design and construction of shopping malls. Shopping malls are usually designed to let the maximum amount of sunlight in. This is because lighting creates a general feeling of well-being which then prompts customers to spend more time in the mall and thus they are likely to spend more money (Pride and Ferrell, 2011). Retails stores can benefit from this research by ensuring that all their products are properly lighted. They should avoid dark corners in their stores as customers would not want to move to those areas. For this reason, retail stores designers avoid corners in their product display. They tend to place products on long shelves running parallel to each

Importance of Managers Cost Understanding Essay

Importance of Managers Cost Understanding - Essay Example Cost can be simply defined as an amount that has to be given up or to be paid in order to get something. It is therefore an expenditure that needs to be incurred. In business, cost usually comprises of monetary valuation of effort, time and utilities consumed, risks incurred, material, resources, and opportunity forgone in delivery and production of goods or services. All expenses may be costs, but not all of the costs (such as those which are incurred in getting an income generating asset) are expenses. (Business dictionary, 2011) Cost Analysis Cost analysis is the examination, accumulation and manipulation of cost information for healthy comparisons and projections. (Business dictionary, 2011) Cost Accounting Cost accounting forms budget and actual cost of processes, departments operations, or product and the analysis of profitability, variances, or social use of funds. It is a type of accounting process whose objective is to capture the company’s costs of production by estimating the costs of input at each step of production along with the fixed costs such as depreciation of capital equipment. At first it will measure and record such costs individually, then comparison between input and output or the actual results will be made to aid company management in measuring financial performance. (Investopedia , 2011) Cost Management It is the management of cost related activities results from collection, analysis, evaluation, and reporting of cost information used for estimating, forecasting, budgeting, and monitoring costs.( Business dictionary, 2011)... rtance of ‘Managers Cost Understanding’ Managers are making use of cost accounting for cost management to help form decisions that are profitable for the business. It is important that managers understand cost in order to cut cost and to improve profitability. Managers make use of cost accounting to calculate the unit cost of the product. This is helpful for managers for if the managers do not know the unit cost they will not be able to set the relevant selling price in order to break even or to realize profit. The calculation of profit per unit can also be known through the use of cost accounting. Cost understanding therefore is an essential management tool for effective management functions, this include performing budgetary planning & controls along with decision making. Managers depend on cost accounting to provide information of the actual cost processes, products, operations which is the foundation of the budget. This would help them analyze fluctuations and the ho w funds are to be use to cause profit. For managers this would help them provide a justification for cost cuts for a company in a manner that it increases profit. As a tool for internal usage versus tool for external users such financial accountants and such accounting does not make use of GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). Management understanding of cost creates a financial value for a product, measure the expenditure into nominal amount of currency. The understanding works on the process of taking recorded historic costs and allocating it over a specific period of time over what outputs is produced. The actual output produce might differ from that of the predicted and this would affect the amount of cost that producer has to pass to the consumer. Hence, managers are able to focus on

First Generation Students and the Community College Essay Example for Free

First Generation Students and the Community College Essay Ethnography EssayMy experience with people outside the school as well as inside the school has earned me the nickname â€Å"experience† amongst most of my friends. As a strong-minded student with a growth outlook, caretaker individuality, and high value in the community, I flourish in relationships with people as well as the experience I have gained in the school. I am constantly trying to be an example of those who are experienced love to those around me. This drive to improve my relationship with the school fraternity, as well as the outside community, has sent me in many different directions through several kinds of school activities and volunteer opportunities. I think I inherited my caretaking boldness from my godmother. My godmother has worked with several students for the past twenty years and finds great joy and purpose in these relationships. Centered on his passion, I am supposing the adult students in this school and others as well will be genuinely invested in their friends and community like my godmother. I have also experienced this devotion to caring in the leaders of one of my favorite activities either in the school environment and the home or outside school communities. Activities unique to my college such as the involvement in sports as well as the interactions with other schools and motivations from the school authorities is an opportunity to form relationships among students in our building with special adaptability to the changing life both in school and the outside communities. The long periods of staying outside the school prepare the adult students to deal with different challenges either mental or educational due to their experience with different scenarios or cases. Through actions like playing, word exchanges, and debates, we create bonds with all students outside of our mainstream educational experience. When I first joined school some years ago, I was initially intimidated by the activities of my friends. I felt my usual confidence slip into a â€Å"store mode,† a feeling awkwardness in conversation and uncomfortable with silence. Conversely, after spending more time doing activities with these students, I’ve discovered the ir valuable hearts. Each student is welcoming and outwardly caring towards myself and the school staff, as well as the community, are privileged to have them. The adult students I am aware of in the school are very honest with little to no filter. They speak their minds without thinking twice, allowing for a truly unvarnished relationship. Based on these experiences, I am expecting the all the adult students, to be honest, and welcoming, and for our interactions to become natural with time. Through conversation with some of the adult students, I’ve heard plenty of talk on several ideas as well as what they need for the comfort both inside the school as well as outside the school. I know adaptability and experience in school include both respect to the authorities and an accepted mode of behavior which must go hand in hand with the right morals and friendship. Luckily, I found out my friends, one of the adult students studying in this institution who have demonstrated a sense adaptability to many activities in life inside and outside the school. As eager as I am to understand how the long stay outside the school and the experience to come back to the learning institution feels, I am also curious to see how it impacts their psychological life through their interaction with the several challenges in life as well as their experience with other students. Over the years, the education system in many countries has been modified to suit the learning requirements of people in all age groups. This is due to the increased rate of adults with the increased desire to enhance their knowledge through education. This process has enabled many adults to embark in the search for programs which offer educational opportunities to people who are elder than the required age group which is stipulated to be at different educational levels in the academic system of a given country (Espie, Rod, Josie, 4). Therefore, to adapt to the learning environments at different levels of education, there is the need for those who are willing to return to school after years to prepare themselves both psychologically and emotionally in order to suit in the system. This will ensure that they develop characteristics and behaviors which enhance their relations with other students in the educational facility and that the system will not compromise their time and beliefs i n the process of acquiring the kind of education they desire. Adult students are normally encountered by different challenges due to the beliefs they have as well as the psychological challenges they face as a result of the difference of their age accompanied by the misconceptions accompanied with adult education (Nahas et al, 43). Adults who desire to return to school normally think that they are too old to attend school. This myth discourages most adults with the motivation to acquire knowledge at an advanced age thereby leading to the individuals relent from the idea of returning to school. Other people believe that it is too late for them to acquire education. This discourages many people to return to school thinking that it is too late for them to reap the benefits of the education at an elderly age (Espie, Rod, and Josie, 5). They believe that by the time they are done with acquiring education there will be no opportunities for them. The adult students are also challenged by the way they can strike the balance between the time they are go ing to be in school, work as well as the time to be with their families. Therefore, to ensure that the educational system does not compromise the behavior of the adult students at the school as well as their actives which they undertake out of school, a special program needs to be implemented in order to accommodate all kinds of adult students (Espie, Rod, and Josie, 2). This will ensure that the system increases the self-esteem among the adult students and ensure that they do not feel discouraged in the process. This system should ensure that it entails reasonable goals which are attainable to ensure that the students are motivated all through the curriculum (Nahas et al, 42). The process of attainment of the goals should be easy to follow and understandable. Continuous feedback should be enhanced so as to ensure that the students are continuously guided on how to undertake different activities. This will ensure that the errors made by the students are easily corrected by offering explanations and demonstrations in case of technical activities. The learn ing strategy should involve appropriate evaluation processes which are goal oriented in order to enable the students to evaluate themselves as well as check their progress in the education system (McGrath, 110). Finally, the education system should provide incentives and undertake activities which enhance motivation to the students. This may include activities which are interesting to the students in order to enhance their memory capacity as well as make them enjoy being in the system thus increasing their motivation to continue learning. The  entrance  to  the  school is  only  attained after  navigating through the windy  roads and  numerous â€Å"adult education poster† signs.  The entrance provides a learning enabling environment that is supported by the cooling collection of green trees.  The environment provides a wonderful and a thrilling interest for anyone to feel the need to learn and achieve their goals in life. The compound of the school is surrounded by different photos that give a hint to every visitor that the place is a learning institution. The  walls of the classrooms are  lined  with  motivational posters,  such  as  one  stating with different messages; some indicating happy moments and others providing serious information of learning and praises to the school and the learning system as well. I did not expect a large, bare ground of prairie grasses next to me in an institution slopped down in the center. As I alighted the car, I walked onto freshly flagg ed tar which had clean, white space lines tinted on it. Walking in the direction of the school, I started noticing how quiet the institution grounds could make me feel as I looked at the freshly transplanted prairie grass plan-out swing softly by the influence of the wind. This stunned me, bearing in mind I may not habitually feel that calmness upon arriving in an archetypal institution because of the noise originating from the students playing at bay. Then it happened to me that there were adult students making plays on a huge, exciting playfield alongside the school, although the status of anarchy originating from it was low. I later came to comprehension that calmer than the majority of city schools and was well-funded because of the costly concourse facilities. The first adult student to interview was a gentleman who appeared very happy and composed as he answered various questions from me. He said that it is better for him to be at school at this time than he would have been some years back as a younger student. Further, the student mentioned that he was feeling more confident because it was his personal choice to learn at this time. The fact that learning at an adult age is through volunteering, is crucial in allowing adults strongly involve themselves in the learning process because they need they are highly motivated. The personal decision to attend the learning institution is a major drive for the student to learn as well as feel comfortable in learning different thought-provoking approaches to life. I learned that the fact the adult students have stayed for long days is an advantage for them to use their abilities to learn to link their experience with any new challenge. The student also said that there is a feeling of self-direction which makes the adults students have a good control of their learning. The control and monitory of their progress in learning involve self-assessment as well as the good relationship with the instructors and other students or the outside community. He further said that the students may be reluctant to change due to a feeling that they are mature and experienced. Slower learning was also evident through more intensive than before. Due to many responsibilities that adult students need a good amount of personal life which makes them busy in many hours of their time. The responsibilities and interactions with different communities as well as individuals allow the adult students to adapt to life in the learning institutions and elsewhere. It had been some minutes as I stood at a window of a class observing how Susan was interacting with the other young students during as they were being taught. Everyone seemed cool to see her busy listening to the tutor as the lesson went by. Everybody seemed busy in the class all trying their best to understand the concept being taught by the teacher. From time to time, the teacher would ask the students randomly and answers were provided and the teacher would continue with the teaching. When it came to the turn for Susan to answer the given question was asked by the tutor, the other students would look at her and listen keenly if she would make any errors in the process of providing an answer to the question asked. When she made an error in answering the question, the other students would laugh at her. The teacher would then maintain order to the class and then elaborate the solution to the problem asked and ensure that Susan has understood the concept in question then proceed to th e next concept. During break time I met with Susan to understand how she feels in the learning environment where she was different from the majority of her colleagues. â€Å"It is fun to be around this place†, she answered with a smile on her face. â€Å"I feel great when I undergo different challenges in the process of learning. It makes me feel proud because it is a great opportunity for someone like me to acquire the knowledge required to survive in this in this environment with a lot of learned people.† Happiness could be seen on her face. She seemed adapted to the environment and she was determined to learn at all costs no matter the challenges involved in the process. On the question of how she viewed the teaching system in the institution, she was satisfied with the procedure. â€Å"The teachers are cool, they treat all the students equally and are keen to ensure that everyone has understood the concept taught†, Susan stated. The environment was cool to her and she was no t bothered by the way other students viewed her. I was greatly concerned about how Susan was able to balance her time concerning her daily routines as well as her income-generating activities. I was eager to know how she was able to maintain her tight schedule during the day. It requires a lot of dedication to achieve a given goal she claimed, I normally plan all the activities that I am doing the following day in advance to ensure that no activity will collide with another. She added that she undertakes part-time jobs which she undertakes after school so as to support herself financially. Susan claimed that the support she gets from her family and friends is what keeps her moving. The determination she had in acquiring the knowledge enabled her to focus on the learning process. â€Å"I made up my mind long before I decided to come back to school, I believe it is through education that I will be able to improve my living standards†, she concluded as I eagerly listened to why she was so determined to learn. I was excited by the way Susan was able to merge her family life, work as well as find time to undertake her education program which was somehow demanding. This enabled me to understand the different challenges faced by adult students and how they managed to push through such a challenging environment in the search for knowledge and skills. Although  some  people  may  view  adult students as an inefficient and a struggling way to learn, the adult students have a good chance to learn and achieve several objectives due to the facts that they are highly motivated. The adult students have  taught  me  the  need of having  motivation, teamwork, compassion,  slowing  down,  and  being  intentional  in relationships. The adult students have a high chance of succeeding and engaging in learning more than normal students because of their duty and responsibility to spread kindness and knowledge through  their  own  lives  and  the  lives  of  those  around  them.  As  the  adult students have treated me,  their actions are indicative of their good behavior and evidence of success in their education and adaptability as well as experience in life. After spending some time in studying the adult students sub-culture, I have learned that I have some similarities with some of the practices in that culture such as the ability to access oneself and plan for one progress. I always have a means of evaluating my progress towards the achievement of my objectives and take responsibility for ensuring I perform everything to my great potential. There are high collaboration and team among the adult students due to their need to succeed I life. As times goes many people will realize the need for the adult education and feel proud to join it. Works Cited Espie, Rod, and Josie Viola. A Place for Political Literacy in Adult Education. ARIS Resources Bulletin 10.3 (1999): 1-4. McGrath, Valerie. Reviewing the Evidence on How Adult Students Learn: An Examination of Knowles Model of Andragogy. Adult Learner: The Irish Journal of Adult and Community Education 99 (2009): 110. Nahas, Markus V., Bernie Goldfine, and Mitchell A. Collins. Determinants of physical activity in adolescents and young adults: The basis of high school and college physical education to promote active lifestyles. Physical Educator 60.1 (2003): 42.

Role of Enron in the Collapse of California Restructure

Role of Enron in the Collapse of California Restructure The California electricity crisis or Western U.S. Energy Crisis of 2000 and 2001 was a catastrophe where the state of California had a shortage of electricity supply that was caused by market manipulations, the unlawful closures of pipelines by Enron, and capped wholesale electricity prices. Because of the crisis, California[G1] suffered from several momentous blackouts and one of the states largest energy companies collapsed. In 1993 rumors of the government looking to reform the electricity sector spread in California and naturally the three main investor-owned utilities[G2] Pacific Gas and Electric Company, San Diego Gas and Electric Company, and the Southern California Edison Company wanted to protect their markets and eliminate competition so they could reduce any potential damage to their company. This conduct set the foundation for the shortfalls to come in the near future. The California Public Utilities Commission and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission believed the state control and command regulation was lowering the efficiency in the electricity sector. These two organizations decided to undertake the role of pushing change. Before the restructuring the regulatory structure the existed did not serve all of the publics interest given the recent economic, technological, and environmental changes. The environmental community was frustrated by the delayed response by utility regulators to problems caused by the generation of electricity; independent energy producers were unsatisfied about the lack of regulatory backing for renewable energy facilities, industrial consumers were frustrated by the higher electricity rates in California compared to other parts of the United States. Private utilities were cutting energy efficiency resources and acquirement levels back by thousands of megawatts and were refusing to purchase the 1400 MW of clean cogeneration and renewables that were cheaper than utility power plants, simply because they were from competing businesses. In 1992 California has launched its gas system seeking business from[G3] large industrial customers and power generators. There was now a free market for natural gas. Large customers claimed they didnt need storage and did not want to be forced [G4]to pay the rates for it. In 1993 the CPUC disconnected storage from other gas services. This gas utility now required reserving storage for core customers but non-industrial or non-electric generation customers could not buy the storage that they wanted on their own through auction and contract processes. Large customers did not have to buy storage but could make decisions on how much to procure based on market forces, rather than regulatory approval. Small customers did not complain because at the time large customers had to have oil or propane backup to not be core customers. The electric generators that did use natural gass[G5]es were mainly utilities that would make cautious decisions to guarantee the reliability of electric supply. Re liability was not supposed to be compromised if a few industrials did[G6] not want to buy storage. So now large customers had both no storage and no alternative fuel, the gas-fired power plants were sold to new owners, and no longer owned by the utilities that put gas away to promise reliability, and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission got rid of all the price caps for short-term sales of gas pipeline capacity in spring 2000. In the summer of 2001, a drought in [G7]northwestern states limited the amount of hydroelectric power offered to California. At no point during the crisis was Californias sum of actual electric-generating capacity plus out-of-state supply less than demand, Californias energy reserves were small enough that during peak hours the private industry, who owned the power-generating plants, could successfully hold California hostage by temporarily closing down their plants for maintenance in order to manipulate the supply and demand. These strategic shutdowns oft en happened for no reason other than to force Californias electricity grid managers into a situation where they would be required to purchase electricity on the spot market, where private generators could charge hefty rates. Even though these rates were semi-regulated and tied to the price of natural gas, the companies (which included Enron) also controlled the supply of natural gas. Manipulation by the industry of natural gas prices caused higher electricity rates that could be charged under the semi-regulations. In California gas storage is vital but companies gas storage was traded for financial hedges. Storing gas in the ground is good keeps Californias energy prices down. And California cant afford to pay for all of this extremely expensive electricity during the winter as it will bankrupt the entire state. The power generators were charging for electricity based on the unhedged spot market price of gas, and society was being made to pay it.[G8] Drought, delays in approval of new power plants, and market manipulation decreased supply caused an 800% increase in wholesale prices from April 2000 to December 2000. Also, the[G9] rolling blackouts unfavorably affected many businesses that were dependent on a reliable supply of electricity, and the blackouts troubled a large number of retail consumers. California had a generating capacity of 45GW and at the time of the blackouts, demand was at 28GW. A demand supply gap had now been artificially created by energy companies to create a fake shortage. Energy traders would take power plants offline for maintenance on days of peak demand to increase the price. Traders were then able to sell the power back at premium prices, sometimes 10 times its normal value. Because the state government put a cap on retail electricity prices, the manipulation of this market squeezed the industrys revenue margins, this lead to the bankruptcy of Pacific Gas and Electric Company and also the near bankrup tcy of Southern California Edison in early 2001. The financial crisis happened because of partial deregulation legislation introduced in 1996 by the California Legislature and Governor Pete Wilson. Enron took advantage of this deregulation and was involved in economic [G10]concealment and inflated price bidding in Californias spot markets. The crisis all together cost between US$40 to $45 billion.[G11] One of the energy wholesalers that became notorious for manipulating the market and reaping huge theoretical profits was Enron Corporation. Enron traded in energy derivatives specifically exempted from regulation by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission.ÂÂ   Enrons CEO Kenneth Lay mocked the California state government efforts to thwart the practices of the energy wholesalers, saying, In the final analysis, it doesnt matter what you crazy people in California do, because I got smart guys who can always figure out how to make money. The original statement was made in a phone conversation between S. David Freeman who was selected as Chair of the California Power Authority in the middle of the catastrophe, made the following statements about Enrons involvement in testimony submitted to the Subcommittee on Consumer Affairs, Foreign Commerce and Tourism of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation on May 15, 2002:[G12][G13][G14] There is one fundamental lesson we must learn from this experience: electricity is really different from everything else. It cannot be stored, it cannot be seen, and we cannot do without it, which makes opportunities to take advantage of a deregulated market endless. It is a public good that must be protected from private abuse. If Murphys Law were written for a market approach to electricity, then the law would state any system that can be gamed, will be gamed, and at the worst possible time. And a market approach for electricity is inherently gameable. Never again can we allow private interests to create artificial or even real shortages and to be in control. Enron stood for secrecy and a lack of responsibility. In electric power, we must have openness and companies that are responsible for keeping the lights on. We need to go back to companies that own power plants with clear responsibilities for selling real power under long-term contracts. There is no place for companies like En ron that own the equivalent of an electronic telephone book and game the system to extract an unnecessary middlemans profits. Companies with power plants can compete for contracts to provide the bulk of our power at reasonable prices that reflect costs. People say that Governor Davis has been vindicated by the Enron confession. However, eventually, Enron[G15] went bankrupt and signed a $1.52 billion dollar settlement with a group of California agencies and private utilities on July 16, 2005. However, because of the companys other bankruptcy responsibility, only $202 million dollars of this was expected to be paid. CEO Ken Lay was convicted of multiple criminal charges unrelated to the California energy crisis on May 25, 2006, and died July 5 of that year before he could be sentenced to jail. At the Senate hearing in January 2002, Vincent Viola, chairman of the New York Mercantile Exchange advised that companies like Enron, who do not work in trading pits and do not have the same gov ernment protocols, be given the identical requirements for compliance, disclosure, and oversight. He requested the committee to impose greater transparency for the records of companies like Enron. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the FERC has had the authority to negate bilateral contracts if it discovers that the prices, terms or conditions of those contracts are unfair or unreasonable. Californias electricity restructuring plan was unsuccessful because it was incomplete restructuring. The state partially deregulated the electricity supply market, representing the utilities cost to serve, but they did not deregulate the prices that utilities could charge their customer. Specifically, a little recognized double whammy of frozen retail electric rates, coupled with the absurd notion of negative stranded cost recovery charges, played a significant role in the disintegration of the California retail electricity market and the financial evisceration of its two biggest utilities. Californias restructuring statute, AB 1890, required that retail electric rates for bundled electricity service received from the utility be frozen through Mar. 31, 2002, unless a utility could demonstrate that it had paid off all of its stranded costs before that time.11 Customers who chose to leave utility service in favor of receiving service from a competitive supplier (referred to as direct a ccess) could theoretically be charged something other than the frozen rate, but the practical reality was that the frozen rate became the benchmark, and competitive suppliers either had to beat it significantly, or provide some kind of value-added services to persuade customers to switch. The California electricity crisis was a result of companies mainly Enron trying to outsmart the system and create monopolies of over entire industries. The state of suffered from several momentous blackouts and one of the states largest energy companies collapsed over the greed large scale companies. A crisis of this scale shows that there is order to everything and outsmarting the system can only last for so long before you are caught. Bibliography Marcus, William, and Jan Hamrin. HOW WE GOT INTO THE CALIFORNIA ENERGY CRISIS By William Marcus, JBS Energy, Inc. Jan Hamrin, Center for Resource Solutions (n.d.): n. pag. Web. 28 Feb. 2017. Smith, Michael D. Lessons to Be Learned from California and Enron for Restructuring Electricity Markets. Lessons to Be Learned from California and Enron for Restructuring Electricity Markets. The Electricity Journal, Aug.-Sept. 2002. Web. 28 Feb. 2017. . Roberts, Joel. Enron Traders Caught On Tape. CBS News. CBS News. Web. 28 Feb. 2017. Sweeney, James L. (Summer 2002). The California Electricity Crisis: Lessons for the Future. National Academy of Engineering of the Nation Academies. Web. 28 Feb. 2017. Weare, Christopher (2003). The California Electricity Crisis: Causes and Policy Options (PDF). San Francisco: Public Policy Institute of California. Web. 28 Feb. 2017. Testimony of S. David Freeman. April 11, 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2004. Web. 28 Feb. 2017 Testimony of S. David Freeman. May 15, 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 13, 2002. Web. 28 Feb. 2017 [G1]Inserted: , [G2]Inserted: [G3]Inserted: h [G4]Inserted:ÂÂ   to [G5]Inserted: s [G6]Inserted: to [G7]Inserted: , [G8]Deleted:w [G9]Inserted: , [G10]Inserted: as [G11]Deleted:ere [G12]Inserted: t [G13]Deleted:bef [G14]Deleted:re [G15]Inserted: ,

Concepts of E Recruitment in Software Firms

Concepts of E Recruitment in Software Firms INTRODUCTION This research is based on a critical investigation of the E-recruitment process in the Indian software Industries. Consequently, the aim of this study is to investigate E Recruitment strategically in terms of a Cost cutting and time saving factor that would be beneficial for organization during current economic downturn. This study would also be beneficial in looking at the concept of Technology as a solution to reduce cost and save time. In addition it is hoped that the study would also benefit Strategic analyst and Human resource managers to view E Recruitment as a strategic tool. Background The research focus is on the factor of E Recruitment in todays cut throat market in terms of strategic benefit towards Cost cutting and time saving. The researcher has chosen the particular topic, since it would be helpful in current downturn. To make this statement valid the researcher investigates the concept of E Recruitment in Software industries in India. The rationale for investigating software firms in India stems from the fact that such firms actually adopt Cost cutting measures in all possible practices in current downturn. The study seeks to review the concepts of E recruitment in Software firms by understanding the subjects in terms of Human resource process. In addition the study investigates E recruitment process in Software industries by acquiring data through Questionnaire and Semi structured tool that shall constitute questions based on the critical sections of E Recruitment in terms of Human resource process, Cost cutting and Time saving factors. The primary research is respondents and population would be the Human Resource managers and employees in HR department from Chennai and Bangalore working in Software firms. The researcher intends to use contacts within the IT firms to access the relevant data set. Literature background Organizational recruitment efforts have to a great extent relied on computer technology and one vicinity that has developed is recruiting through the Internet, otherwise known as e-recruitment (Mottl, 1998). This technology can be utilized in application tracking, job posting and electronic job application. In addition, it can assist the human resource function and lessen human resource works. From the applicable literature, there is an argument that e-recruitment is required to be used in conjunction with other techniques. Internet-based recruiting will not put back conventional practices, but a well-implemented e-recruitment strategy can facilitate the recruitment process there by making it more successful (Borck, 2000; Caggiano, 1999). Internet recruiting ought to be one of many tools used to find and recruit applicants. Likewise, even though the organizations see the advantages of e-recruitment, there is a tendency to adopt more conventional methods in the form of newspaper advertisement, personal referrals, and search agencies for most of their recruiting. Organizations therefore tend to view the Internet as a vital additional tool (Pearce and Tuten, 2001) E-recruitment is not treated as a stand-alone human resource instrument, it is integrated into an overall recruiting and selection strategy that comprises, amongst other things, sophisticated behavioral and skills assessment, interviewing, and added means of documenting requirements and sourcing candidates. Consequently, a human resource department still uses both conventional method and e-recruitment in their recruitment process (Cullen, 2001). Accordingly to Portal (2003), Shows that more than 75 percent of HR professionals currently use Internet job boards apart from conventional recruiting method (HR Portal, 2003). One of the key considerations of e-recruitment is that it is cost-effectiveness and the economy attained in the course of its usage. This is since publishing obtainable positions on the companys website costs less than publishing in other media for instance newspaper. In addition, employers can place the vacancy positions on the job board website as this too is at a lower cost (Pearce and Tuten, 2001). Aim and Objectives of the Research The aim of this research is to investigate the process of E-Recruitment as a strategic driving factor in cutting costs and saving time in the Indian IT sector. The objectives of the study are as follows: To investigate the various factors and trends in Recruitment in India. To Explore E-Recruitment as Human resource process and evaluate various implications in hiring To critically examine the effectiveness of e-recruitment in Software industries To identify merits and demerits in E-Recruitment process Research Questions What are the trends in recruitment in India? What is the impact of conducting E-Recruitment process in Software firms? What is the strategic impact of E-Recruitment on Software organizations in cost reduction and Time? What are the driving factors of E Recruitment towards jobs with merits and demerits? Methodology In order to fulfill the aims and objectives of this study, the study employs both qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative method were be used through semi structured interviews with high level and Middle level Human resource managers from Software companies in India. Quantitative approach were carried out through questionnaire methods, the like scale type questions have been adopted as the suitable method, where the questions are designed in different scales like likert, and rate order with, Questions varying from open to closed end questions. The respondents will be employees working in Indian Software firms at Chennai and Bangalore in Human Resource department. The type of sampling method used in this research thesis will be Non probability sampling method. It involves identifying and questioning the informants based on their experience and their roles. The type of sampling used in non probability method is Purposive sampling, which involves choosing independents on the views which are relevant to the subject (Jankowicz, 2005). The number of samples for the Semi structured interview is 5 and Questionnaire samples is 30. Structure of the dissertation This part of the dissertation, the researcher has made a sequence an a flow for the entire study. The study has 5 chapters, which are interconnected with each other and they are progressed as follows; Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter explains the topic of study and the background of research in brief giving values and reasons why the researcher has chosen the topic and how the research is focused or dealt with respect to answer the research questions and also in order to full fill the research objectives. Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter provides the reviews of academic literature related to the topic. The academic literature is reviewed from Books, Electronic journals, Articles etc. This chapter reviews the existing literature on research topic so that it can be helpful in identifying various gaps and also to study the various theories used by the other authors. Chapter 3: Research Methodology This chapter highlights the methodology that is used in this research. The chapter begins with an outline of the research aim and objectives finally, the researcher explains the Sampling techniques and how well the samples are grouped to observe validity and reliability of the research. Chapter 4: Analysis and Findings This chapter analyses the data that are gathered through primary research and it provides a detailed outline of the research findings. This chapter also draws various conclusions from the data presentation. Chapter 5: Conclusions and its recommendations This chapter contains various conclusions drawn from discussions in the analysis chapter. The limitation of this research is also discussed, and recommendations for further research presented. Summary In this chapter we have reviewed the research background, research objectives and the scope of research. The research aim and research objectives are stated with research question which ensures the researcher understand the subject based on the problem statement to fulfill the research. In addition it contains theoretical background on E Recruitment from different perspectives. Finally it sets out the structure of the study. In the next chapter we shall review and look into various literary articles to gain more understanding on the issues under investigation. Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction This chapter presents the theoretical background of the study. It review various literature articles on the topic, The main aim of this study is to analyse E recruitment in software industries in India with a focus on Cost cutting and time saving factors. This is strategic and the research is conducted with a focus on Recruitment as a strategic tool and its various trends in software organisations. Many researchers and practitioners have identified that the necessity in the manner in which the applicants are getting attracted towards Jobs and organizations and the use of the Internet as a tool to cut cost and save time. The set of rules in filling up recruitments through the web can incur less cost than mailing paper application packets. Apart from the reported benefits in the form of cost efficiencies, According to (Rozelle and Landis (2002)) the role of HR in this model is taken as more of a facilitative role, According to the various theories it is clearly specified that this mode l gives a chance of time for the recruiters in order to involve the strategic issues within the resourcing. Having outlined the research aims and objectives it is essential to look at the definition of E Recruitment to have an overview of the research. Recruitment is a process of hiring candidates in filling up the vacancies through possible stages. There are several stages in selecting suitable candidates for employment organized by the organisation. E Recruitment is different from this conventional recruitment process. Human Resource Management The Recruitment Process Human resource management (HRM) and Recruitment process go hand in hand and recruitment is central to all management process. Failures in the recruitment process can lead to difficulties for any organization and consequently have an immense effect on its probability and variance levels which include inappropriate level of skills and staffing. Consequently results in some of the problems of inadequate recruitment, which leads to shortage of labors or problems in the decision making (Veneeva, 2009). From the above literature the researcher can come to a decision that recruitment plays a vital role in the central management process. According to The University of Melbourne (2009), recruitment is an imperative process of human resource management. They suggested that there are two major stages or levels in the recruitment processes. The first stage involves the process of searching or hunting the candidates with respect to job opportunities available and the seconds stage refers with the process of selecting candidates who are qualified for a suitable job by a company with the use of technologies involving test and interviews. However recruitment is not a simple selection process and it requires extensive planning and decision making to be able to employ suitable manpower. There exists growing competition amongst the business firms for recruiting the best potential candidates, there is now a shift focus on innovation amongst management decision making. The selectors aim to recruit candidates who would suit the ethics, corporate culture in accordance to the organization (Terpstra, 1994). This means that management would specifically look out for potential candidates capable of being a team player and team work and that would be crucial for positions available in organization. Human resource management approaches towards any business process would be based upon focusing the core objectives of an organization and realization of strategic plans by training the individuals or personnel that would be beneficial to the organization, thus improving its performance and profits (Korsten, 2003). With the following discussion the recruitment process does not end with selection and application of right candidates to the job but rather it involves maintaining and retaining the employees chosen. In spite of well structured plan, selection and the qualified management team involved in recruitment processes followed by firms, there is a possibility that the Firms can also face significant difficulties during the implementation. With this notion HRM can provide new insights towards the best practiced approach to recruitment. But companies have to use their management skills to apply theories within context of organization (Veneeva, 2009). Recruitment Trends We have seen the recruitment context towards organization efficiency. We shall now turn to the various methods towards recruitment. According to The University of Melbourne (2009), there are two prime methods of recruitment called traditional and online recruitment. Basically the recruitment methods that are performed by the organization themselves or by a third party recruitment providers such as recruitment agencies are termed as Traditional recruitment. The information exchange in the traditional recruitment is offline but still they does not use internet as a source of information exchange. It adopts avenues such as Television, newspaper, and also through Job centers etc. The job recruitments are approached in a straight forward manner or filled through the agency or also it can be conducted by the physical address of the organization in order to conduct various test and interviews such as face to face interview. In the past two decades recruitment has changed with number of evolutionary phases. According to the white paper of Frontier Software (N.D) these are, Pre-online era This is networking face to face. 1980s These are the solutions based on the commissioned agencies that provides alternative that had become paper based and time consuming process. 1990s- The rise of Internet as a tool that made solutions as Job boards that offers inexpensive and effective solutions reaching many target audiences. 2000-present This transition phase is the emergence of Internet recruitment called e recruitment solutions and Web 2.0 is the platform for recruitment process. Social networking style, interactivity connections as well. The rise of job boards marked the beginning of the evolution of Internet recruitment which makes readily available a pool of job seekers and their Curriculum Vitae to the agencies that advertise jobs. Thus internet has become a major source for the active and passive job seekers. Active job seekers opt to make available their CVs and Passive job seekers are being the candidates that are not searchable and hidden but can be responded to job advertisements Frontier Software (N.D). According to the Research advisory panel (2006) of Public appointments service the most common recruitment types are Newspapers, Recruitment agencies, internal recruitment and Internet recruitment. Having identified the two major types of recruitments as Traditional and Online recruitment. Othman and Musa (2006) cited from Arboledas et al. (2001) and in Galanaki (2002), traditional recruitment being the firms who wants to post jobs, announces the job opening at the marketplace through proper advertisements or through a job fair , or to an executive recruiter or through other mediums. From this source candidates submit their profile for the announcement. Newspaper advertisements are used more widely than any other source of traditional recruitment. On the other hand, the traditional recruitments are used in majority of recruitment processes and are effective while other types of recruitments are proved to be appropriate in specific situations. The employers use different methods based on different positions. Accordingly Bussler Davis (2002) cited in Othman and Musa (2006) and Mottl (1998) suggests that, In order to determine which mode of recruitment is used by the employers we have to look into various aspects. Aspects in terms of Time scale of the recruitment process, Recruitment cost as reaching the candidates and the organization culture. In recent years internet has revolutionized and made an impact on the human resource field. Now a days organizations rely mostly on computer technology and with the recruitment through Internet. The internet technology can be used in tracking the application, job posting and electronic applications. Apart from these applications it can be used in reducing the human resource work load and human resource functions. E- Recruitment Overview E-recruitment can be explained as any recruiting processes that a business organisation carries out through web-based tools, in the form of a firms public Internet site or its corporate intranet (Armstrong, 2006). The terms Internet recruitment, online recruitment and E- Recruitment are Identical and can be used interchangeably. There are various definitions of E Recruitment, According to Hoffman (2001), E-Recruitment can be defined as the utilization of the Internet for candidate sourcing, selection, communication and management throughout the recruitment process According to Armstrong (2006), the E- Recruitment process consists of attracting the candidates, screening, tracking the applicants, selection and finally offering jobs and as well rejecting the candidates. According to the studies of Hogler (1998) and HR Portal (2003) cited in Othman and Musa (2006) employers can advertise jobs, scan and store their CVs, conduct tests and also contact the qualified applicants with the use of Internet that could match the candidates for jobs. Vidot (2000) cited in Othman and Musa (2006) suggested that the use of Internet will benefit and attract candidates of high quality, branding, reiterate the profile of the firm and also streamline application and the selection processes. According to Cullen (2001) cited in Othman and Musa (2006) , there are various perception to E- Recruitment, it is integrated with the overall selection and the recruiting strategies as a standalone human resource tools. These strategies include interviewing behavioral and assessment skills and other additional strategies such as identifying other needs and candidates sourcing. However studies show that the Human resource departments still also use both e- recruitment and other traditional methods. According to the study by HR Portal (2003), More than 75% of Human Resource professionals use using Job boards in addition to the Traditional recruitment methods. E- Recruitment Factual Evidences and Process There is evidence in the academic literature to suggest that E-Recruitment is gaining popularity in todays job market. E-recruitment is significant in todays cost cutting markets to save huge amount of money. According to the research of Whizlabs Software (2006), the study of Forrester Research Institute, a famous market research firm found that by 2005 the expenditure on the recruitment based on Internet was $7 billion. Many firms as of 96% of the companies required internet for the recruitment needs. A survey conducted by Employment Management Association (EMA) of USA found that online ads would cost $377 than estimated with printout ads that cost per hire at $3295. A study conducted the CIPD (2005) found that 75% of organizations in UK use corporate website in order to attract applicants and in the 2006 research 73% of applicants use online job applications. According to an Intelligence report of iLogos Research of Global 500 Website recruiting of 2003 survey has found that 94% of global 500 companies have corporate career websites. Recruitment websites are more useful in saving both money and time. Apart from a Recruitment process it is becoming part of organization or corporate strategy. The online recruitment sites have continued to multiply in number in value added services and can help to improve long term time survival in the current market trend. E drive is primarily based on the IT organization and software solutions. E recruitment primarily uses software solutions for effective and efficient recruitment process. There are various differences with the recruitment from an IT organization that compared with traditional or conventional recruitment process such as selection and training process. Study: also suggested that IT organizations hire more people; consequently recruiters have to really focus on providing solutions that would ultimately maximize effort, save time with the best talent pools (Whizlabs Software, 2006). E- Recruitment Application with HR and systems Having explored E-recruitment and its process, at this function we now need to explore how E- recruitment is linked with technology and Management i.e., E- recruitment links with HR systems, Line Managers and Human Resource managers in the recruitment process. The application of E recruitment and HR systems are explained by Research Advisory Panel (2006) as; HR Role in the E-Recruitment process is essential, as the general time management seems to play a crucial role as a facilitator and coordinator in the recruitment process. With the e recruitment process it can be evident that it can reduce the HR burden and that in turn leads HR managers to operate on a strategic level within the organization. Line managers are usually involved in the process of selecting the applications in relation to the vacancies that are listed accordance with the job role. At this instant HR can work on to the overall strategy as defining and controlling. This also ensures the system is developed as effective talent strategies. In this whole process the role of Line managers would be limited with the access to the entire e recruitment systems even though the systems quickly facilitate in transferring candidates information. During this HR would acts as broker between candidates and the Line managers Research Advisory Panel (2006). From this literature, HR acts as a central unit between the Line managers and the candidates. Many organizations who usually opt for solution or depend on the Third party suppliers can make use of the alternative form of suppliers and Job boards of systems using the application tracking software. There are two main forms of categories in enabling the E recruitment process they are, E recruitment tools such as Enterprise Resource and Planning (ERP) such as Oracle and SAP and the other being the developed products from the vendors who are specialized in the recruitment softwares like testing and application tracking softwares Research Advisory Panel (2006). E- Recruitment Developments E- Recruitment has been developed more recently with the use of job domains. Job domains originated during the early part of 2005 they make the most use of the Internet for assigned numbers and names. The job domain is in the top level of the domains that would allow efficient and easy websites navigation. The survey conducted by the society for human resource management (SHRM) suggested that those firms that use job domains can produce better results in E recruitment (Minton-Eversole, 2007 cited in White, 2008). From the study of Schramm (2007) cited in White, 2008) explains, apart from the key development of E recruitment though Job domains, there are several advancements in the internet recruitment such as the online communities or the internet communities known as Web 2.0. These online communities are like the social networking websites that are meant for social stances. These internet communities websites such as Facebook, MySpace that are used by the recruiters in order to find suitable candidates who are looking for the employment offers. These developments in the Internet communities would benefit in many ways by, verifying the necessary credentials and other information that are not listed on the candidates resume. In the major cases candidates would also be eliminated with the contents listed in the Internet social sites. Merits of E-Recruitment This section of the literature review seeks to focus on the cost cutting and the time saving measures of the E-Recruitment process. Key role E Recruitment in the Cost cutting measures E- Recruitment is Cost efficient and it can bring a lot of benefit to the organization. Using the internet as a source for recruitment in the E-Recruitment process it can help us to save huge amount of money. Posting jobs in the websites costs less when compared to the job publishing in other forms of media such as newspapers. Job boards are really beneficial to the recruiters who can post vacancies at low cost than other advertisements. According to iLogos research in 1998 there are three main areas in which E Recruitment reduces costs they are as follows, Direct costs savings from the advertisements posted on Newspapers Reduces mail costs from paying fees to the head recruiters or Job fairs Reduces Human resource workload in the Human resource department that yields great pace to the recruitment cycle that ultimately lowers cost (Othman and Musa, 2006) From the above, we can see the saving benefits associated with E-Recruitment. In addition, the internet is used as a major source of E-Recruitment resumes are posted via mails which is very cheap on the other hand traditional recruitment uses communication system such as phone calls, Fax, etc and in some cases if the candidate is based long distance it costs him more for the communication itself, In addition in case of applying via post it can be more costly and the time consumption is more for communication, So it is better and also more advantageous for E-Recruitment process since the cost is reduced and communication is made easy and faster (The University of Melbourne, 2009). Launching a new career website for a company that would eventually track every details of candidates required in the recruitment process costs less. The process also reduces temporarily manpower spending of manual sorting or applicants (White, 2008). Key role E Recruitment in the Time Saving measures E-Recruitment has more effective advantage that helps the employers in time saving there by proving efficient benefits to the employers. E-Recruitment provides recruiters with the ability to work simultaneously with traditional recruitment processes. This means that firms are able to source and process the application quickly, thus saving long hours of hiring process (Marr, 2007). Time saving is a strategic measure in the hiring process. According to the study of Barber (2006), the ease of completing online application form and the time taken to process applications are done in minutes faster than weeks, the advantage of this, is that recruiters and job seekers are saved time. The hiring time is saved by pre selecting the application and receiving quick response electronically. The most important variance would be that, companies can update their information quickly by typically speeding up the front end processes Othman and Musa (2006), According to the Bussler Davis (2002) E-Recruitment can reduce the amount of time used for hiring in the recruitment process by two thirds. Other Key advantages of E-Recruitment In addition to the cost and time saving benefits identified with E-Recruitment, there are various other merits in the E-Recruitment process. The access to the candidate pool is wider when compared to the traditional recruitment methods to the candidate pool. This would range from National, International to local levels that provides greater chances in finding the suitable candidates for job roles. This provides opportunities in the online graduate recruitment of more diverse graduate pools responding with opening all doors. This would better show off best recruitment techniques across the business units allowing more recruitment information (Barber, 2006). Another benefit would be brand reputation as a key account of benefits to E-Recruitment by promoting the corporate brand and corporate image of an organisation. Corporate websites gives values of choices with an indication of better values and better organizational culture. It also gives a better feel of the candidate to share why they would want to work in the organisation. When any candidate applies for a job with the firm, sometime it mostly rely on the way they are treated. At this context if candidate have bad experience it would ultimately give negative impact to the brand (Barber, 2006). The benefits of E-Recruitment strategy on the talent pool is supported by Shipton (2004), according to him talent pool is efficient in E-Recruitment strategy in that it helps group candidates who have applied for the advertised position in terms of either a speculative basis or as a result of direct responses to an advertisements. These are done by communicating at regular intervals in the form of E-newsletters. The author also found the benefits after the implementation of E-Recruitment system in The Tussauds Group in the form of saving time of hiring reduction up to 66 percent. E-Recruitment would provide proper access for the passive job seekers who are the individuals already working or already in a job. It gives opportunity to apply for better job roles advertised on the Internet. These are the type of job seekers of better quality due to the fact that they are not desperate for change in job when compared to the active job seekers who are frustrated in finding a new opportunity (Richardson, 2005). Demerits of E-Recruitment We have reviewed various literatures on E-Recruitment processes and the merits in terms of Cost and Time saving benefits. We shall now look at the various demerits of E-Recruitment process. E-Recruitment is very effective in saving cost and time; apart from these prime benefits it also provides wider access to the candidate pool, as well as improving brand reputation of a company etc. There are many challenges that needed to be reviewed and be aware of the fact that it has disadvantages over the traditional recruitments. The demerits outlined by Othman and Musa (2006) include: Ethnic Minorities E-Recruitment can impact to the certain groups of ethnic minorities in particular, as they are the kind of kind of people who are not able to access the internet. The role of impact on certain minority groups would be a threat for the organization that can lead to discrimination issues. Lack of Access to the Internet Basic knowledge is needed for Internet access hence in this case it has been limited to particular demographic groups. Inability to Target Executive Personnel Recruiting top or executive personnel online would be a disadvantage, due to the fact that they would prefer personal contacts. Sources to Apply Jobs There can be other better resources available for the applicants such as newspaper or by advertisements on the website or both. Lead to Resume Over Load There is a possibility of resume overload, since there are no restrictions for the applicants in posting their application for the job. Low Level of Applicants Internet is a big source that allows candidates to submit resumes any time and this could create a vast number of unqualified applicants to job in the database. Also there is a probability that it can yield towards huge volumes of low quality applicants. In addition if there is an increase in appli

A Brief Discussion of Genetic Diseases Essay -- Biology Genetic Disease

Since the discovery in 1928 via the Griffith experiment (an experiment dealing with bacterial transformation) that DNA carried genetic information, many important discoveries have been made regarding the human genome and its extent in the determination of phenotypic traits. Not least of these is the discovery and study of genetic disorders, or diseases caused by abnormalities within the genes. Disorders of this nature can be caused by a variety of factors. Some diseases such as Huntington's disease must be inherited, while others, such as some cancers, can be the result of environmental factors slowly mutating the genome over time. Still others can result from random errors in normal DNA replication. Typically, genetic disorders tend to be rare due to the ability of DNA to repair itself and also because of the tendency for damaged cells to undergo programmed cell death to preserve the overall health of the organism. However, when genetic disorders do appear, they represent a considerable problem for the afflicted, because although some are treatable and possibly manageable, very few, if any, are ever curable. DNA of a living individual cannot be altered by any existing technology. Nevertheless, research is continually improving our ability to treat these diseases, particularly with diseases such as cancer, trisomy, and Huntington's disease. Of particular interest in modern medicine is the study of the various forms of cancer and the genes involved in causing it. Cancer is a disease in which cells of the body mutate to the point where they lose the ability to regulate their division and DNA replication, causing uncontrollable growth to the extent of interfering with the function of normal, healthy cells... ...gton's Research. 26 August 2007. 1 December 2010 . National Cancer Institute. Common Cancer Types. 15 July 2010. 1 December 2010 . Reiness, Gary. Cancer Part II-Mutations and Cancer. 13 April 2000. 30 November 2010 . Starr, Barry. DNA Mutations Cause Cancer. 8 February 2008. 30 November 2010 . Woollams, Chris. Using Viruses To Treat Cancer. 2010. 1 December 2010 link.aspx?n=1106&Title=Using%20Viruses%20To%20Treat%20Cancer>. WordIQ.com. Experimental Cancer Treatment - Definition. 2010. 1 December 2010 .

Fixed or Variable Cost Essay -- cost, business,

Cost can be divided into fixed and variable and by considering into fact that fixed and variable cost can be unarguably split into two, even though they behave differently based on the level of sales of volumes. Since, cost is used in every field to determine the price of an item and the unit sold. Two of the main components of cost are fixed and variable cost and is used to differentiate between the costs that have no direct correlation to business and those that do. Definition:- Fixed cost is not affected by the changes in the sales, they have slight relationship to the business and they do not change considerably when the sale increase or decrease. Fixed cost is set for particular period of time and changes occur during the specific time. Since, fixed cost does not change directly some of the examples of fixed cost are insurance premium, real estate taxes etc. For example, ‘an increase in the cost of insurance premiums may be attributable to an insurance company’s perception of increased risk associated with higher volume. Even though the increase in insurance cost is somehow related to an increase in volume, the cost of insurance is still considered a fixed cost’ (Tiffin, 2007). Other component of cost is variable cost changes frequently do not haves specific set period. Variable costs can be aptly defined as," which increase directly in proportion to the level of sales in dollars or units sold†. Depending on the type of busines s, some examples would be cost of goods sold, sales commissions, shipping charges, delivery charges, and costs of direct materials or supplies, wages of part-time or temporary employees, and sales or production bonuses. Both fixed and variable cost elements are components of mixed or semi-vari... ...the equation for a straight line as follows: Y = $3,400 + $0.80X Hence the above example shows that costs can be determined as either fixed or variable even in a semi variable cost. In conclusion cost can be divided into two to find the exact amount of sale of an item sold and purchased by the customer. All fixed cost can be variable cost since, variable cost change often. Reference †¢ Tiffin, R., (2007) Finance and Accounting Desktop Guide: Accounting Literacy for the Non-financial Manager 2nd ed., London Thorogood. †¢ Hansen, D., Mowen, M., & Guan, L., Cost Management: Accounting & Control 6th ed., Mason, Ohio: South-Western †¢ Dittmer, P. & Keefe, D., (2009) Principles of Food, Beverage and Labor Cost Controls 9th ed., Hoboken, N.J John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (US). †¢ Weetman, P. (2006) Management Accounting, FT/Prentice Hall (Pearson Education)